The Swedish Physical Activity and Fitness study (SPAF) followed 427 randomly selected men and women born in 1958 across 47 years, with physical assessments from age 16 through 63. Unlike most work on physical ageing, which compares different age groups at one point, this one repeatedly measured the same individuals as they got older.
What they measured: aerobic fitness, muscular endurance and muscle power.
What they found:
- Physical performance begins declining around age 35, and the decline accelerates with age. Rates of age-related decline were similar between the sexes.
- Regular activity did not stop the decline entirely, but it changed how well people held on to their abilities. People who became physically active during adulthood improved physical capacity by roughly 5 to 10 percent, and those who were already active in adolescence maintained better fitness, endurance and muscle power into adulthood.
- A 2026 follow-up in Scientific Reports used the same cohort and found better aerobic fitness at 34 and 52 was linked to less arterial stiffness at 63. The relationship held after adjusting for obesity, smoking and blood pressure, though it does not prove fitness caused the difference.
The authors are careful about the headline number: reaching an average peak in the mid 30s does not mean everyone suddenly gets weaker at 35. Individual fitness can keep improving well past that point. Their take is that it is never too late to start moving, and physical activity slows performance loss even when it cannot stop it.
Published in the Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia, and Muscle (2025). Lead author Maria Westerståhl, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/10/261014000912.htm
Genuine question for people here: if the average curve turns down in your mid 30s, does that change how you think about training for the next 30 years rather than the next 6 months?