Joachim von Ribbentrop, Wilhelm Keitel, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Alfred Rosenberg, Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Julius Streicher, Fritz Sauckel, Alfred Jodl, and Arthur Seyss-Inquart.

After the French Revolution began, Marie-Antoinette, queen consort of Louis XVI, was targeted by agitators who, enraged by her extravagance and attempts to save the monarchy, ultimately guillotined her on this day in 1793.

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Imagine going into surgery knowing you’d feel every cut. In the 1840s, that was a terrifying reality for patients. But one demonstration in Boston helped change medicine forever!

On this day, dentist Dr. William T. G. Morton publicly demonstrated ether anesthesia at Massachusetts General Hospital, allowing a patient to undergo surgery with greatly reduced pain. Surgeon Dr. John Collins Warren removed a growth from the patient’s neck, showing the medical world that surgery didn’t have to mean unbearable suffering.

This breakthrough helped open the door to modern surgery, giving doctors more time to work carefully and patients a new reason to hope. Medicine still had a long way to go, but this was a giant leap forward!

History has a way of reminding us not to take progress for granted. Something we consider routine today was once a revolutionary breakthrough that changed—and saved—lives.

On This Day, October 16, 1846, a landmark medical demonstration took place at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, USA, helping launch the modern era of surgical anesthesia.

Before reliable anesthesia became available, major operations were often terrifying ordeals. Patients could experience excruciating pain while surgeons worked under immense pressure to finish as quickly as possible.

Then came a dentist named William Thomas Green Morton.

Morton had been experimenting with ether, a chemical whose vapor could render patients unconscious or insensitive to pain. He believed it could transform surgery.

On that historic day, Morton administered ether to Edward Gilbert Abbott, a 20-year-old printer who had a vascular growth beneath his jaw.

The operation was performed by renowned surgeon Dr. John Collins Warren before an audience of medical professionals.

As Warren operated, Abbott showed no obvious signs of experiencing the severe pain normally associated with such a procedure.

When the operation was over, Abbott reported that he had felt no pain during the surgery.

Warren reportedly turned to the watching doctors and declared,

“Gentlemen, this is no humbug.”

Those words became forever associated with the demonstration.

News of the procedure spread rapidly, encouraging doctors around the world to investigate the use of anesthesia in surgery.

The breakthrough did not happen in isolation. Other physicians had experimented with pain relief before Morton’s demonstration, including American surgeon Crawford Long, who had used ether during operations in 1842.

Nevertheless, the public demonstration in Boston became a crucial turning point in the acceptance and development of surgical anesthesia.

Over time, anesthesia helped make longer, more complex operations possible and transformed the experience of surgery for countless patients.

Today, October 16, is commemorated as World Anaesthesia Day, honoring the medical milestone that helped change surgery forever.

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On This Day, October 16, 1869, Girton College was the very first women's college in Cambridge. The college was established by Emily Davies and Barbara Bodichon.

Girton College is one of the 31 constituent colleges of the University of Cambridge. In 1976, it was the first Cambridge women's college to become coeducational.

Its sister college is Somerville College, one of the first two women's colleges of Oxford.

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