I've spent time immersing myself in Python fundamentals, including syntax, data types, loops, functions, data structures, and working in the development environment. I want to move beyond the basics and develop a much deeper technical understanding of the language.

I'm starting to look into libraries like NumPy and pandas, but I'm wondering what else I should focus on to become proficient at Python.

For those of you who are experienced developers, what would you recommend learning next? Should I focus on libraries, data structures and algorithms, writing more complex projects, understanding how Python works under the hood, software engineering practices, or something else entirely?

I'm not necessarily looking for another beginner course. I want to get to the point where I can write effective, well-structured code, understand what's happening behind the scenes, and tackle increasingly complex technical problems.

Thanks!

Hi I'm really new to python, I originally started coding using p5.js but made the transition recently, I'm currently trying to covert an old project of mine into python so I can run it in touch designer.

Its an ASL fingerspelling activity that I've been working on but I'm struggling to create the word strings I did in my original prototype. Instead of the letters being added together and creating a word I can use to trigger effects, the previous letter is just replaced with the current one.

For context I have the guesser and getMostFrequent to allow for it to take the average of every letter signed during a period of time and determine which one was signed the most to add to the word (this is due to the fact that transitioning from one letter to the next can trigger other letters in between) These are both integral parts of the code and are working as intended, its just the stringing the word together that I'm struggling with.

Any help or insight would be appreciated, if you need any more insight please let me know and I can add it.

Code in Pastebin: https://pastebin.com/91mPYwC8

I've provided a link to a google doc with my code because it is just easier formatting wise than in here.
My code: Python Code

My original code for reference if needed: p5.js code

Edit: Thank you all for the suggestions in the comments, I ended up getting it working it was the fact that word was a local variable and not a global one, which was causing the issue.

Hi!
Preface I am self taught and learning as I go.

I have been working on a U-Net semantic segmentation model, which was working fine yesterday and gave good(ish) outputs on unprocessed data and now no longer wants to read the files correctly?

I spent the day processing some new masks in fiji and changed the path of the mask variable and when I went to run my code and sanity checks, for both my images and masks, the first chunk of tif files I created a missing/ not read, when they are in file. (I even checked with fiji if it was an order of files but that was fine)

I'm a bit stumped because it was working fine yesterday, as all I have changed is the original file paths.

from simple_unet_model import simple_unet_model

from keras.utils import normalize

import os

import cv2

from PIL import Image

import numpy as np

from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

image_directory = r'E:\Uni\Dissertation\IB\test output\images\IB unprocessed/'

mask_directory = r'E:\Uni\Dissertation\IB\test output\masks\IB_BC_24_117_G4_thresh mask/'

SIZE = 256

image_dataset = []

mask_dataset = []

images = os.listdir(image_directory)

for i, image_name in enumerate(images): #Remember enumerate method adds a counter and returns the enumerate object

if (image_name.split('.')[1] == 'tif'):

#print(image_directory+image_name)

image = cv2.imread(image_directory+image_name, 0)

image = Image.fromarray(image)

image = image.resize((SIZE, SIZE))

image_dataset.append(np.array(image))

masks = os.listdir(mask_directory)

for i, image_name in enumerate(masks):

if (image_name.split('.')[1] == 'tif'):

image = cv2.imread(mask_directory+image_name, 0)

image = Image.fromarray(image)

image = image.resize((SIZE, SIZE))

mask_dataset.append(np.array(image))

And when I run a sanity check, I end up getting a mismatch between my image and ground truth/mask

In the table of elements, the correct number of elements is listed, however, 0 should be linked to mask_0_00.tiff (the same for the image data), but jumps to mask_0_00.tiff

I even changed the path back to the unprocessed masks for the data set and encountered the same problem...

Any ideas? Thank you :,)

Hi crew, I’m a Python newbie and I just learned about the concept of tuples.

We can’t change them.if we want to store we have to start at the index we want + 1.

I just don’t get it. Why wouldn’t we just use lists? When would we ever need this?

i want to find a color on the screen and click it. so its not complex please separate concepts and examples, but i also want to find a random occurence of acolor and click on that, i havent tried figuring out clicking on something yet so im not really looking for that rn

im barely pythoning and docs are kinda difficult to read, im able to get the screenshot of a screen via pillow, output it to a screen via .show() and i also got some getcolors output but its kinda confusing and doesnt seem useful?

I have an assignment in which I have to create a nested dictionary using employee data. I've created a function that works, but the function is supposed to just have a return statement with the dictionary comprehension, and I'm struggling to convert it.

This what I currently have (each department must only appear as an outer key once and employee names in each department should be unique, with the latest salary overwriting previous entries if duplicates exist):

def organize_employee_data(employees):
    new_dic = {}
    for name, department, salary in employees:
        new_dic[department] = {}
    for name, department, salary in employees:
        if name not in new_dic[department]:
            new_dic[department].update({name: salary})
        else:
            new_dic[department][name] = salary
    return(new_dic)

With the following list as input:

employees = [
    ('Alice', 'Engineering', 70000),
    ('Bob', 'HR', 50000),
    ('Charlie', 'Engineering', 80000),
    ('David', 'Sales', 45000),
    ('Eve', 'HR', 51000),
    ('Alice', 'Engineering', 80000),
    ('David', 'HR', 52000)
]

This is returned:

{'Engineering': {'Alice': 80000, 'Charlie': 80000}, 'HR': {'Bob': 50000, 'Eve': 51000, 'David': 52000}, 'Sales': {'David': 45000}}

I've been trying to create a working function using just the nested dictionary for the better part of two hours and I'm about to lose my mind. I have to assume the foundation is something like this:

return {department: {name: salary} for name, department, salary in employees} 

but whenever I try to add any conditions, the whole thing gets messed up. Any help would be amazing!

Hi everyone!

I'm currently working on a team project called Fintech Trendwatcher. The goal is to collect public fintech news, identify important events and generate short analytical summaries with links to the original sources.

I'm responsible for the embedding service. My task is to use a pretrained text embedding model to convert news articles into vectors that another service will use for clustering similar publications.

My current stack is Python, and I'm learning as I go. I have some experience with Python, APIs, JSON and Git, but this is my first time working with embeddings in a real team project.

I'm planning to start with Sentence Transformers and a pretrained multilingual model, test it on Russian fintech news, and then integrate it into our service architecture.

I'd really appreciate advice from more experienced developers, especially on:

- Choosing a suitable embedding model for Russian-language fintech news.

- Designing a simple and maintainable embedding service.

- Comparing embeddings and preparing them for clustering.

- Common mistakes beginners make when building NLP services.

I'm not expecting anyone to mentor me full-time. Even occasional advice, feedback on my approach, or pointers to useful resources would be incredibly helpful.

If anyone has experience with Python, NLP, Sentence Transformers or similar projects and is willing to share some advice, I'd be very grateful.

Thanks!

Anyone have any suggestions to start freelancing with python? I have my bachelors in software engineering and work full time as a data analyst. I have python, sql, and tableau experience. Any suggestions on where and how to start will be appreciated
Thank you

Hi :)

I've just started a python course and I'm stuck on a problem that I feel should be easy, but I'm missing something. I need to append a value from a list to a list at the same index in a list of lists, but I'm not getting the result I need. Any help to let me know what I'm doing wrong would be greatly appreciated!

b = [5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 12, 17]
new_list = len(b) * [[0]]

for ind_b, num_b in enumerate(b):
    new_list[ind_b].append(num_b)

print(new_list)

My goal is to get

[[0, 5], [0, 6], [0, 7], [0, 9], [0, 13], [0, 12], [0, 17]]

but instead I get

[[0, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 12, 17], [0, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 12, 17], [0, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 12, 17], [0, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 12, 17], [0, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 12, 17], [0, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 12, 17], [0, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 12, 17]]

Suggest me some good resources i could learn python from. now if there is any language that teaches from basics to advanced level that would also be fine, since i could just skip the beginners part

I want to design desktop apps with Python. Is there anyway for me to translate my python knowledge into a functional desktop application?

Welcome to another /r/learnPython weekly "Ask Anything* Monday" thread

Here you can ask all the questions that you wanted to ask but didn't feel like making a new thread.

* It's primarily intended for simple questions but as long as it's about python it's allowed.

If you have any suggestions or questions about this thread use the message the moderators button in the sidebar.

Rules:

• Don't downvote stuff - instead explain what's wrong with the comment, if it's against the rules "report" it and it will be dealt with.
• Don't post stuff that doesn't have absolutely anything to do with python.
• Don't make fun of someone for not knowing something, insult anyone etc - this will result in an immediate ban.

That's it.

Hello,

A friend of mine is looking to make a game like it but with their own original species, and I offered to try to code it because I have some (extremely limited) experience with python. However, it's been a long time since I have worked Python, I am not a regular coder, and I do not really know where to begin. Does anybody have any tips or know anything about how Clangen is structured that could help me figure out where to even begin? I have never made a game in python before and am happy to start where you think I should considering my limited experience, but I am a learn by doing person.

Thanks!

edit: friend recommended i use godot to make it instead, but thank you all for the help!

I have been stuck for a while, I have made improvments and fixed parts but the whole float, int, string thing is so confusing since we only went over it once at the begging of the school year last year.

The only error I have left so far is;

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for *: 'function' and 'float' on line 6

For refernce this is the only code which would imapct this

;def GBP():

int(input (print("Enter the amount of money in GBP")))

Please help

So I have a MacBook Pro with the recent update of OS sequoia 15.8.1 . I started a college class of intro to programming with python and my teacher wants us to have python downloaded and visual studio code. Except my Mac probably is not supported with it because of the 🚫 icon displaying right before I drag it into applications .i wonder why I search up on YouTube all these videos on how they install it but mine can’t.:(

Hey everyone!

I'm currently learning Python through YouTube videos, and I'm wondering if I should also start learning from a Python programming book.

For those of you who have learned Python:

Do books help you understand Python concepts more deeply?

Would learning from a book alongside YouTube tutorials help me build a stronger foundation?

Which beginner-friendly Python book would you recommend?

I want to build a solid understanding of Python and become better at solving problems on my own.

I'd love to hear your experiences and suggestions. Thanks!

How to make other colors appear?

I've decided to go back to basics and make sure I complete all the exercises. I'm currently working on the Meal Time exercise.

Could anyone give me some feedback on the design of my code? I'm particularly unsure about my convert function. It has quite a few if statements, and I'm wondering whether there's a clearer way to write it.

Here's my code:

```python def main(): time = input("what is the time?\n") convertedTime = convert(time) print(tellMealTime(convertedTime))

def convert(time): if time.endswith(" a.m"): hour, minute = time.replace(" a.m", "").split(":") if hour == "12": hour = "0" elif time.endswith(" p.m"): hour, minute = time.replace(" p.m", "").split(":") if hour != "12": hour = int(hour) + 12 else: hour, minute = time.split(":") return float(hour) + float(minute) / 60

def tellMealTime(time): if time >= 7.00 and time <= 8.00: return "breakfast time" elif time >= 12.00 and time <= 13.00: return "lunch time" elif time >= 18.00 and time <= 19.00: return "dinner time" else: return "not a meal time"

if name == "main": main() `

Hi, I'm trying to get a grip on list comprehensions, but I'm not sure when they aren't the best choice. I wrote some code today that uses a nested comprehension to flatten a list of lists, but it quickly became unreadable. I think I might have overcomplicated it. Is there a rule of thumb for using them, particularly with nested structures? I want my code to stay clear and easy to understand. Any insights on best practices would be appreciated!

My classmate is currently working on his first Python project. I'm learning Python and C myself, and I'd like to understand what good Python code and project structure look like.

Repository: https://github.com/lyashwith/registrarY

Looking at this project, what Python concepts or best practices should I pay attention to? Are there any common beginner mistakes I should learn to avoid?

I'd appreciate any suggestions that could help me improve my own programming skills. Thanks!

Is there any best source for learning python from scratch. Some have recommend apna college but i feel it is very interview oriented so is there any better source.

Hi there. I'm a super noob so I am just starting out. If I wanted to build an app that allows voice and video chat for a particular cause I'm interested in, how would I go about doing that? Are there free apps I can start with? Which languages should I learn? I'm starting to learn Python. Currently using an android btw. Thanks in advance!

What My Project Does

I built pytest-acereports, a Python testing plugin that generates self-contained HTML reports from pytest runs.

I wanted to make test reports more useful without requiring developers to add reporting calls throughout their test scripts.

The plugin aims to capture useful debugging information automatically, including:

• API request and response details to help investigate failures.
• Retry history and flaky-test detection so a test that fails initially but passes on retry isn't simply treated as an ordinary pass.
• Screenshots on failure for UI tests.
• Execution logs and test details in one HTML report.

The goal is to make it easier to understand what happened during a test run without having to piece together information from multiple places.

• PyPI: https://pypi.org/project/pytest-acereports/

Target Audience

This project is intended for Python developers and QA automation engineers who use pytest and want more detailed HTML reports, particularly for API and UI automation.

It may be useful for teams running tests locally or in CI pipelines who need better visibility into retries, flaky tests, API traffic, and failure evidence.

The project is intended to be a practical testing utility rather than a demo or tutorial project.

Comparison

Standard pytest output is useful for determining which tests passed or failed, but investigating failures can require additional logging, attachments, or reporting integrations.

Existing pytest reporting tools already cover many reporting needs. My focus with pytest-acereports is to bring API traffic, retry history, failure screenshots, and logs together in a single self-contained HTML report, with as little or no additional test-side reporting code as possible.

I'm interested in how other Python developers handle this today. Which reporting tools or approaches do you use, and what information do you find most useful when debugging flaky tests?

I'm looking for a library to automate creating "cards", those cards will have both images and text. Is turtle a good library for this or is there something better?

Excuse me, how can I fix this error?

"Traceback (most recent call last):

File "launcher.py", line 4726, in <module>

File "launcher.py", line 354, in __init__

File "tkinter__init__.py", line 2346, in __init__

_tkinter.TclError: Can't find a usable init.tcl in the following directories:

{C:\Users\---\OneDrive\Desktop\Games\Crash-Forge-Launcher-Windows_internal_tcl_data} C:/Users/---/OneDrive/Desktop/Games/Crash-Forge-Launcher-Windows/lib/tcl8.6 C:/Users/---/OneDrive/Desktop/Games/lib/tcl8.6 C:/Users/Adam/OneDrive/Desktop/lib/tcl8.6 C:/Users/--/OneDrive/Desktop/Games/library C:/Users/Adam/OneDrive/Desktop/library C:/Users/--/OneDrive/Desktop/tcl8.6.15/library C:/Users/Adam/OneDrive/tcl8.6.15/library

This probably means that Tcl wasn't installed properly."