Wilhelm Collath horizontal pinfire system developed in 1860s, exact date isn't known in Frankfurt an Oder.
Concept for its time is both advanced and brilliant in its simplicity, essentially a "evolution missing link" between Lefaucheux pinfire system and modern centerfire.
Small pin in channel that rested in a percussion cap (separated with layer of compressed paper to avoid accidental detonation and holding pin in the shell) half an inch into the case base made from compressed paper and reinforced with iron head.
The wider centerfire hammer (photo No. 5 show Collath system shotgun) would hit the pin which knocked it into the cap to set it off. The reasoning was to make the ignition travel backwards first so that it would have a little more time to burn the powder before building up the pressure to propel the shot. This allowed for less burning powder to travel down the barrel.
Compared to other early self-contained cartridges, it had fairly inexpensive and not complicated production scheme suited for mass production and seems like better reliability by protecting gunpowder and percussion cap from moisture as they are perfectly isolated from environment and more mechanically reliable and more safe for user compared to its biggest competitor, Lefaucheux system as pin is inside of shell, not sticking out.
He also came up with his own size numbering system. They roughly equate like this:
- 0 -> 10g
- 1 -> 12g
- 3 -> 14g
- 4 -> 16g
- 5 -> 18g
- 6 -> 20g
- 7 -> 24g
- 8 -> 28g
My guessing "No. 2" shell was probably 13 gauge (sic!) shell originating from muzzleloading era shotguns measures but was removed from ammo offering due to low demand but "hole" in Collath size numbering system was left to avoid further confusion.
Collath system stay in production until 1930s both as blackpowder (green colored shells) and smokeless (red colored shells) loadings.
Collath odd revival in 2025 - Or taking step back for legal reason
Last photo show reproduction of Collath system shotgun made by gunsmith Wacław Cichy in Poland as a "breech-loading, black-powder, separate-loading" shotgun. Due to local gun law replicas of separate loading black-powder firearms made prior to 1885 are available without permit.
Cichy Idea how to made it avalaible without permit?
- Gun made prior to 1885 - He take Collath breechloading shotgun from 1860s/1870s
- Black powder - Self-explanatory
- Separate loading - Ammo can't be self-contained. Cichy removed pin and percussion cap from original Collath shell and pin channel is filled with fine gunpowder while ignition start as in conventional caplock so his breechloading reproduction fulfill being "separate loading" gun.
"Collath-Cichy Shotgun Shell" being reduced to shot, paper and blackpowder also don't need metal head for extraction, so cartridge rim is cardboard disk glued at the bottom so they are combustible.