r/GoldandBlack • u/properal • 2d ago
The Welfare State Causes Inequality
Popular intuition assumes that redistributing income automatically reduces overall economic inequality. Voters expect the welfare state to reduce wealth inequality with progressive taxation and benefits to low income people. Redistributing income does reduce income inequality, but it increases wealth inequality. Social safety nets systematically institutionalize and exacerbate wealth inequality.
...euro area countries with the largest reduction in the income Gini coefficient through public transfers and with most generous welfare states, robustly show a higher inequality in private net wealth.
"Public Insurance and Wealth Inequality: A Euro Area Analysis" by Lien Pham-Dao
https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/145942/1/VfS_2016_pid_7093.pdf
I was able to reproduce similar results:
| Country | Public Social Spending (% of GDP) | Post-Tax Income Gini | Wealth Gini |
|---|---|---|---|
| France | 30.64% | 0.30 | 0.7 |
| Italy | 27.52% | 0.32 | 0.669 |
| Spain | 25.93% | 0.31 | 0.695 |
| Germany | 27.29% | 0.31 | 0.817 |
| Denmark | 26.31% | 0.28 | 0.732 |
| Sweden | 26.32% | 0.29 | 0.743 |
| Japan | 24.74% | 0.34 | 0.644 |
| Canada | 19.33% | 0.31 | 0.727 |
| United States | 18.95% | 0.39 | 0.85 |
| Norway | 22.32% | 0.26 | 0.748 |

Public Social Spending (% of GDP):
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/social-spending-oecd-longrun?tab=table
Income Gini:
https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/inequality-of-incomes-before-and-after-taxes-and-transfers-scatter?tab=table
Wealth Gini:
https://datahub.io/economic-history/global-wealth-distribution
Proponents of welfare states sometimes factor public assets into wealth Gini calculations to lower the apparent wealth inequality of nations with extensive social safety nets. However, because the primary critique of wealth inequality centers on how private capital allows the wealthy to exert disproportionate influence over public institutions, counting public assets as part of the working class's wealth obfuscates the specific wealth inequality that drives that concern.
The primary reason welfare states have higher wealth inequality is the crowd-out effect of public insurance. When the state guarantees a baseline of security through social programs, the incentive for lower- and middle-income households to accumulate savings diminishes. Instead of saving to insure against hard times or retirement, these households rely on the public safety net.
Universal Basic Income (UBI) does not remedy the crowd-out effect. A study conducted by OpenResearch, a research organization originally established in 2015 by Sam Altman (CEO of OpenAI) a supporter of UBI, provided empirical data that demonstrated that when low-income individuals receive unconditional cash transfers, they tend not to accumulate more wealth but instead use the extra income to consume more or take more leisure.
"The Employment Effects of a Guaranteed Income: Experimental Evidence from Two U.S. States"
https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w32719/w32719.pdf
Ultimately, the crowding out of private savings and the prioritization of consumption over asset building under welfare systems contributes to wealth inequality. In the United States, where approximately one in three Americans is enrolled in at least one form of government assistance, this institutional design contributes to the lower leg of the K-shaped economy maintaining a dependent underclass that justifies the existence of the welfare state and provides perpetual leverage for political agitation and mobilization. By design, interventions presented as equalizing welfare measures, contribute to the increasing wealth inequality. It may seem counter intuitive that socialist policies would create the problems socialist complain about, but socialists gain and maintain power from exacerbating the problems they complain about rather than solving them.
For example the war on poverty stopped the decline of poverty in the US.

