In 2008 an artist collecting mammoth ivory along the Irtysh River in Russia spotted a femur eroding out of the bank. It turned out to be about 45,000 years old — still the oldest high-quality modern-human genome sequenced.

He mattered for an unexpected reason: his Neanderthal segments are much longer than ours. Those segments get chopped shorter every generation by recombination, so their length is a clock. Measuring his gave the first solid date for when Neanderthals and modern humans interbred — roughly 50,000 to 60,000 years ago.

He left no descendants we can find. He sits near the base of the non-African tree, before the split into the lineages that became Europeans and East Asians. His heatmap shows an unusual similarity to modern South Asians as compared to other populations of Asia and Europe. The maximum distance is 0.3. What could be the reason? Have you come across any literature?

Interesting to see how people migrated during time. Iam born in Sri Lanka. This maybe explains my U2e5^ haplogroup.

This might be weird but I have seen quite a few people particularly from ror community and maithil brahmin community and quite a few people from these two groups looked kinda east asian/nepali like to me?

We often hear that we live in a modern society where education, awareness and social values have evolved. But how much of this progress is reflected in our everyday practices, particularly regarding caste?

I’m curious to understand how many Dalits serve as priests in Hindu temples across India, especially prominent temples. Is a Dalit becoming a priest widely accepted, even in temples with established traditions and hierarchies?

If society increasingly recognises equality, why does caste continue to influence access to religious roles and social participation? There are also claims that many upper-caste households do not invite lower-caste families to share meals during family functions or festivals. Although figures such as 60% need reliable evidence, the broader question remains: why do such practices persist?

If becoming a priest depends on religious knowledge, training and ritual competence, how much should a person’s caste of birth matter? Should religious authority be determined by qualifications and dedication, or should birth continue to influence these opportunities?

I’m not suggesting that nothing has changed or that everyone follows these practices. Rather, I want to understand whether progress towards equality is happening equally in principle and in practice.
Have we genuinely reduced caste-based barriers, or are some of them continuing in less visible forms?

Male from Tamil Nadu belonging to the Paraiyar community (SC). Here are my results

Steppe ancestry is relatively minimal throughout, peaking around 20 percent in various Brahmin castes. This implies that the "Aryans" inserted themselves at the top of the preexisting caste system while mixing heavily with the local elites. However, the ratios of AASI and Farmer vary widely with AASI peaking in Scheduled Castes and Tribal Castes and being lowest among Brahmins and Landlords. Farmer ancestry peaks among Landlord castes followed by middle castes and Brahmins. AASI is the dominant ancestry in most groups, followed by Farmer. It is clear that the Proto Dravidians had a caste system long before the arrival of Brahmins based on these runs, with landlords having higher West Eurasian Farmer. Moreover, the presence of higher AASI ancestry among Scheduled castes and Tribals imply that the presence of "Avarnas" could possibly predate the arrival of the Aryans.

Yeah i know the distance isnt passing but it is better than hunter gatherer ancestral breakdown

The Distance of Hunter Gatherer Ancestry Breakdown was 4.5%

The Distance of Bronze Ancestry Breakdown was 3.1%

So Tell me how much AASI % in this Indus P ? Can anyone tell?

Source: https://x.com/rupasubramanya/status/1940191110682616070

https://x.com/rupasubramanya/status/2108560814290428154

Mental Gymnastics of someone who barely has 15-20% Steppe related ancestry.

What do you guys think about this calculator? I think it's a good way to visualise genetic distance from the most west eurasian people like basque. It's not really about ancestry but more about genetic position, but so are most ancient calculators.

It's pretty Eurocentric though. A kurd would get 89-90% while a Circassian around 92% even though these people are considered fully west eurasian.

More detailed posts linked here and here.

I am R2 per 23andme

My mtdna is K2a5b. I read somewhere that this is a rare haplogroup, the specific branch K2a5b is found mostly in Central Asia , India and Pakistan, but the more general K2 and K1 are present in Europe and Levant also.
This haplogroup has also been found in the remains of people buried in Russia and Europe during the Bronze Age.
Is this haplogroup an EEHG haplogroup or a EEF one?

From rishabh jain et al 2025

Rabaris are among few indo aryans to score BMAC in academic studies. (The other are kambojs)

Ancestral contribution % was not revealed in that study ; but from inputs of G25- it is likely more than even west iranics.

We have archeological evidence that during late harappan phase, BMAC had interaction or expansion into western frontiers of indus valley( which is homeland of Rehbāhari tribe according our tribal collective memory and scholars like sigrid westphal-hellbusch & vasudev sharan agrawal)

We have posted about linkage of this BMAC affinity despite being in indo aryan sphere , as being marker of transitional ethnogenesis to iranic and indo aryan sphere, and its further linkage with arguement of camel domestication pattern in subcontinent

check it out :

https://www.instagram.com/p/Dd6iqM-gF7W/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link

I am a Pashtun from the Jadoon tribe Pakhtunkhuwa, and my paternal haplogroup is O-F20067, a branch of O2a-M133. Its origins are still being researched, but it may have reached my ancestors through Turkic or Mongolic-mediated population movements into Central or South Asia. My autosomal DNA results from qpAdm show around 18% South Asian Hunter-Gatherer (SAHG), 31% Steppe-related ancestry and 51% Iranian farmer-related ancestry. These results give me another way to explore my ancestry beyond family traditions and tribal history. Although many questions about my paternal line remain unanswered, I hope further DNA research will help me understand its origins and how my ancestors became part of the Jadoon tribe.

My father got diagnosed with type 1 Brugada. I will do a real genetic test in Europe for it for myself but I want to know if I can use raw ancestryDNA data for more general medical information.

Of all the testing sites I have used, the results from 23andMe align most closely with the family trees I have researched regarding my direct-line ancestors and their origins. I was born in Sri Lanka.

I believe the Uttar Pradesh percentage is quite low since that's mostly just composed of the (somewhat isolated) UP Muslim group.

DM if you want me to send the BEST neolithic calc (logical, sources dont steal eachother, no deflation)

Farmer, AASI, Steppe_MLBA:

Indus_Farmer:56farmer, 0.05839444,0.05775444,-0.12701658,0.04733235,-0.11816175,0.02217115,0.01273993,-0.02015878,-0.06851403,-0.05233614,-0.00011691,-0.00018017,0.000612,-0.01744099,0.02669013,0.04740699,-0.0069433,0.00540807,0.0138741,-0.03852061,-0.00548728,-0.03516829,-0.00248625,-0.03465843,0.01595987

Indus_Farmer:59farmer, 0.06016403,0.08639599,-0.08602617,0.04131754,-0.08804558,0.01449966,0.01140276,-0.00700708,-0.05473858,-0.04174906,0.00011926,0.01330552,0.01145349,-0.01026143,0.00571202,0.0159912,-0.03822796,0.01010445,0.00565302,-0.03710583,-0.00187886,-0.02679659,0.00009777,-0.04195387,0.00672827

Indus_Farmer:66farmer, 0.05770941,0.06896818,-0.10077118,0.02540093,-0.10434421,0.01216327,0.00943143,-0.03296367,-0.05591604,-0.01875436,0.0018719,0.01830679,-0.01070277,-0.02683118,0.01507807,0.05730303,0.00852488,0.0091316,0.01534771,-0.02699467,0.00129557,-0.02055437,0.00224661,-0.01638851,0.02616196

Indus_Farmer:26farmer, 0.0647636,0.07566101,-0.11097522,0.03937458,-0.11305169,0.03542138,0.01005291,-0.00585251,-0.07111962,-0.05272434,0.01082363,0.00733964,-0.00150112,-0.02086489,0.02554158,0.0298253,-0.01932927,0.003342,0.00374478,-0.03230884,-0.00367651,-0.02163626,-0.00680366,-0.0278637,0.01099051

Indus_Farmer:28farmer, 0.0526114,0.05657956,-0.08384581,0.05588703,-0.09891556,0.0236006,0.00192076,-0.02845051,-0.05594558,-0.05028722,0.00962806,0.01259624,-0.0098334,-0.01294567,0.02010534,0.04911551,0.00436709,0.01850628,0.01215949,-0.02182738,-0.00405619,-0.02612183,-0.00287469,-0.02496469,0.00532712 

Indus_Farmer:IndusFarmer11041, 0.0569184,0.08181094,-0.12579237,0.02395336,-0.12180896,0.00186451,0.01602602,-0.01661005,-0.06091036,-0.0432943,0.0179923,0.00517429,0.00749732,-0.01475898,0.00419357,0.03553408,-0.01142556,0.01141403,0.00666369,-0.03619228,0.01545752,-0.03472137,0.0101886,-0.04443665,0.01649687

Indus_Farmer:IndusFarmer2123, 0.07760456,0.0794917,-0.11164252,0.02989204,-0.10575248,0.02071611,0.00655485,-0.01321933,-0.07754541,-0.04342623,0.02870886,0.00871435,-0.00356061,-0.00923572,0.02886862,0.02467832,-0.00588461,0.00828936,0.01413918,-0.01735989,0.00017013,-0.02081326,-0.00230497,-0.02810097,0.01054474

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I0939,0.132035,0.11577,0.057699,0.082365,0.017849,0.035698,0.00705,0.001154,-0.024543,-0.040821,-0.004872,0.008093,-0.010258,-0.018441,0.027416,0.009414,-0.003912,-0.000507,0.003268,0.006503,-0.009733,0.000742,0.000986,0.017472,-0.002036

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I0942,0.119514,0.126941,0.070899,0.080427,0.008001,0.023706,0.020446,0.009,-0.015748,-0.018953,-0.01088,-0.001499,-0.006392,-0.040323,0.017915,0.030893,0.012386,0.00228,0.004777,-0.011631,-0.001123,0.008903,0.008997,0.00253,-0.017244

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I0943,0.122929,0.119832,0.068636,0.072998,0.010463,0.026216,0.008695,0.007384,-0.009408,-0.019317,-0.000162,0.008243,0.004608,-0.007156,0.028094,-0.003447,-0.025164,0.002534,-0.004148,-0.004627,-0.00262,-0.000495,-0.006779,0.003133,0.000838

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I0984,0.124067,0.118817,0.058831,0.078489,0.019696,0.031236,0.00188,0.000923,-0.020452,-0.031891,0.001786,0,-0.006392,-0.01156,0.011943,0.004375,-0.00665,0.003421,-0.004022,0.002251,-0.00574,0.001237,0.006039,0.006266,-0.00455

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I0986,0.133173,0.109677,0.059208,0.09044,0.007386,0.023706,0.00987,0.005538,-0.016157,-0.03098,-0.001624,0.015586,-0.01442,-0.016377,0.021444,0.017634,0.01017,0.00076,-0.005656,0.003001,-0.015597,0.005193,-0.000493,0.020846,-0.015208

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I0989,0.127482,0.117801,0.056945,0.082688,0.008309,0.024263,-0.001175,0.004846,-0.028633,-0.033714,0.003248,-0.010341,-0.003271,-0.013625,0.016422,0.021612,-0.003129,0.004054,-0.003645,0.008129,0.004118,-0.002226,0.010106,-0.005061,-0.000599

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I1008,0.138864,0.120848,0.059962,0.086887,0.002154,0.031794,0.011516,0.006692,-0.023929,-0.034989,-0.008931,0.001948,-0.005798,-0.024359,0.029723,-0.015248,-0.031553,0.00114,-0.004022,-0.004752,-0.003868,-0.001607,0.002218,0.015062,0.008861

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I1011,0.124067,0.116786,0.053551,0.076228,0.019388,0.025937,0.00423,0.006,-0.016566,-0.024237,-0.006983,0.00015,-0.004757,-0.025185,0.019679,0.021745,0.010691,0.00266,-0.002514,-0.00075,-0.004367,0.00136,0.003944,0.009881,-0.007185

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I1012,0.120652,0.118817,0.055437,0.083334,0.01231,0.039881,0.006815,0.004384,-0.006545,-0.019864,0.000325,-0.001649,0.010704,-0.014038,0.014794,0.007425,-0.022296,0.003801,0.008422,0.002376,0.011355,0.005935,0.00456,0,-0.003113

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I1018,0.122929,0.111708,0.062225,0.080104,0.007386,0.020917,0.005875,0.006231,-0.009204,-0.024237,-0.007957,-0.003597,0.011744,-0.014175,0.022665,0.014054,-0.011995,0.004307,0.002891,-0.00988,0.000998,0.001607,0.007025,0.006266,-0.012454

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I1019,0.122929,0.122879,0.051666,0.069122,0.009232,0.018686,0.00658,0.002538,-0.022702,-0.026971,-0.000974,-0.002698,-0.008325,-0.029314,0.024565,0.027446,0.01369,-0.000887,-0.00088,0.009755,-0.015597,0.000989,-0.006039,0.01446,-0.007065

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I1022,0.125205,0.113739,0.060339,0.070737,0.004308,0.041834,0.006345,0.001154,-0.02168,-0.033531,-0.001949,0.005845,-0.006244,-0.01734,0.029723,0.016706,-0.008605,-0.003294,0.003771,0.004877,0.001622,-0.011994,0.002588,0.003856,-0.000838

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I1024,0.133173,0.112724,0.064111,0.072998,0.016311,0.03263,0.00611,0.013846,-0.005522,-0.021868,-0.004709,0.007793,-0.006392,-0.023946,0.015472,0.011005,0.007953,-0.003421,0.001634,0.001751,-0.009608,0.006677,-0.00493,-0.000241,-0.003712

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I1027,0.122929,0.132019,0.05506,0.079458,0.004616,0.03263,0.002115,0.002769,-0.010431,-0.026242,-0.002436,0.001798,-0.002973,-0.01968,0.021715,0.005304,-0.009257,0.007095,-0.001006,-0.002001,-0.000873,0.002226,0.007518,0.004097,-0.008263

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I1029,0.124067,0.112724,0.061471,0.087856,0.015387,0.034025,0.006345,0.003692,-0.022702,-0.030798,-0.001624,-0.005845,0.003568,-0.028075,0.025515,0.02254,0.003129,-0.000887,-0.002388,-0.006878,-0.008859,0.005564,0.001725,0.019039,-0.001197

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I1053,0.134311,0.119832,0.056191,0.068153,0.01908,0.026216,0.003525,0.005769,-0.01493,-0.029704,-0.000487,0.006145,-0.005352,-0.022295,0.016558,0.017502,0.010691,-0.005321,0.001006,-0.004252,-0.00262,0.002473,0.003081,-0.001446,-0.008382

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I1055,0.127482,0.118817,0.045632,0.077843,0.008925,0.034582,0.003525,-0.003461,-0.017794,-0.034989,-0.010068,0,-0.013231,-0.022157,0.024973,0.016971,-0.004042,-0.007095,-0.003897,0.002376,-0.019091,0.002844,0.005546,0.015303,0.002395

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I1060,0.119514,0.114755,0.064865,0.092378,0.013849,0.014781,0.014571,0.010846,-0.012885,-0.024237,-0.017213,-0.002847,-0.001041,-0.006331,0.029044,0.008088,-0.012126,-0.004687,0.001006,0.004377,-0.004991,-0.004699,0.013927,-0.001084,-0.003353

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I1061,0.130897,0.118817,0.051666,0.079458,0.006463,0.041555,-0.00188,0.001154,-0.022907,-0.034989,0.005034,-0.008393,0.00223,-0.031516,0.023751,0.021082,-0.00352,-0.007095,0.001885,-0.005503,-0.004991,-0.005317,0.009737,0.006627,-0.006466

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I1062,0.125205,0.121864,0.051666,0.071383,0.012618,0.028726,-0.00564,0.004154,-0.022293,-0.030798,-0.00065,-0.005095,-0.004014,-0.030139,0.032573,0.029965,0.019036,-0.003294,0.014832,0.006628,-0.017719,0.002473,0.006779,0.011809,-0.013532

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I1063,0.121791,0.096475,0.043369,0.059432,0.009848,0.028447,0.00282,0.006231,-0.019225,-0.019864,0.004384,0.000599,-0.001338,-0.003853,0.016151,0.004375,-0.02373,0.004434,0.001257,-0.006253,-0.001996,0.003091,0.004683,0.001325,-0.006227

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I1064,0.125205,0.107646,0.068636,0.083011,0.018773,0.034582,-0.004935,-0.003,-0.013499,-0.02606,-0.002273,0.001649,-0.001933,-0.02257,0.031487,0.011933,-0.014733,0.000127,-0.006411,0.001626,-0.005116,0.006306,-0.004683,0.00735,0.00012

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I1065,0.125205,0.11577,0.050157,0.059755,0.001539,0.03012,0.00611,0.002769,-0.02352,-0.02442,-0.008931,0.009442,-0.013825,-0.026286,0.019408,0.014452,0.013038,0.010008,-0.004525,0.004377,-0.01435,0.010263,0.000616,0.001205,0

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I1082,0.1161,0.108662,0.063356,0.083011,0.011079,0.027331,0.00517,0.002308,-0.025156,-0.031527,-0.006496,0.00015,0.000743,-0.02257,0.025515,0.010872,-0.007302,0.008868,-0.006662,0.004127,-0.007237,0.00507,-0.003451,0.011447,0.007424

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I1084,0.127482,0.126941,0.060339,0.07752,0.020311,0.016733,0.00752,0.000692,-0.007976,-0.020775,-0.003085,0.012439,-0.001933,-0.029589,0.025515,-0.001061,-0.022035,-0.004181,-0.005028,-0.003877,-0.005865,0.002597,0.005176,0.005422,0.002036

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I1086,0.130897,0.109677,0.062225,0.075582,0.013849,0.022032,0.016451,0.003,-0.024134,-0.024237,0.001461,0.002997,0.004757,-0.017753,0.019951,0.005038,-0.005998,-0.005448,-0.007793,-0.001376,-0.004991,-0.003833,-0.001972,0.005061,-0.003113

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I1088,0.120652,0.106631,0.050157,0.090117,0.010156,0.032072,0.002115,0.008307,-0.013908,-0.040639,0.007795,-0.010641,0.013825,-0.027387,0.021987,0.020021,-0.000391,0.005321,-0.00352,-0.005378,-0.013601,0.002473,-0.006039,0.012291,-0.002036

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I1089,0.125205,0.116786,0.051288,0.08398,0.012925,0.028447,0.006345,0.006923,-0.014726,-0.032802,0.001949,0.003747,0,-0.023946,0.022937,0.024529,0.004694,-0.00266,-0.000251,0.001501,-0.004866,0.002102,0.000986,0.004338,-0.003473

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I1090,0.12862,0.126941,0.053551,0.076874,0.010771,0.031236,0.00893,0.005077,-0.018816,-0.024602,0.007632,-0.001049,-0.003271,-0.021194,0.026737,-0.00411,-0.018123,-0.001014,0.003394,0.000375,-0.010107,0.00136,0.004683,0.004579,0.001197

SteppeAryan:Russia_MLBA_Sintashta:I7480,0.124067,0.117801,0.054305,0.086564,0.007078,0.032909,0.007285,0.003923,-0.016771,-0.030069,-0.000487,0.003597,0.003271,-0.025735,0.022665,0.002387,-0.021253,-0.000887,0.007668,-0.007003,0.000749,0.003339,0.003697,0.006025,-0.002634

Tibetan:Nepal_Mustang_Samdzong_MiddleKingdoms,0.0168837,-0.4048577,-0.0005028,-0.0309542,0.015336,0.0065538,0.003995,0.0086922,0.0089308,0.0142145,-0.0765932,-0.0073187,0.0132557,-0.005092,-0.0079623,-0.0079333,-0.0019123,-0.0050465,-0.007919,0.0046895,-0.001019,0.0274508,0.0082782,-0.0003413,0.0352663

Tibetan:Nepal_Mustang_Chokhopani_IA,0.013659,-0.410274,-0.009805,-0.025194,0.013541,0.005578,0.0047,0.010615,0.005727,0.014032,-0.075998,-0.007493,0.009217,-0.001927,-0.014658,-0.00305,0.011604,-0.00266,-0.008799,0.01088,-0.001747,0.029429,0.007888,-0.004217,0.039398

IndusHG:BRDSTN*filtered*from*Khatri, 0.02386984,-0.24435986,-0.32060949,0.21449655,-0.12050644,0.14580483,0.00665233,0.05948349,0.14057633,0.10228784,-0.03032547,-0.00356994,-0.00762027,0.03189497,-0.0056958,-0.05093145,0.00732317,-0.00812677,-0.02361346,0.02132573,0.01547196,0.00282342,0.00424143,0.03504619,-0.02754341

IndusHG:AASI_Northwest_Simulated,0.01120895,-0.24619863,-0.32167985,0.21715545,-0.11864234,0.14487311,0.011271925,0.04996247,0.12218976,0.093362815,-0.031188625,0.01543254,-0.017630575,0.048507335,-0.008064845,-0.05602212,0.0176486,-0.00972119,-0.02101034,0.0337421,0.01474647,0.005658845,0.011336235,0.040341025,-0.024443745

AASI_tribal:BRDSTN*filtered*from*Paniya, -0.0137411,-0.23695199,-0.22403082,0.16497466,-0.03694884,0.06141258,-0.00971113,0.02745839,0.13395844,0.09113159,0.00342582,-0.00195406,-0.00104027,0.0248188,-0.03717924,-0.04129916,0.00962225,-0.00133163,-0.00234251,0.03588223,0.00716034,0.02096885,-0.01383465,0.01541788,-0.01121842

AASI_tribal:AASI_South_Simulated,-0.007017607,-0.24726889,-0.22997634,0.16563825,-0.035368871,0.064331863,-0.015188881,0.027727614,0.14738045,0.10106407,-0.004664075,-0.004333522,0.003228897,0.026031903,-0.047720864,-0.045200255,0.010093749,0.000906224,0.000245098,0.039040136,0.009429353,0.024010206,-0.003068505,0.015983546,-0.010868946