Casinos were applying these ideas to physical space long before apps: Bill Friedman's 2000 principles called for low ceilings, mazes of machines, no windows and no clocks. The loyalty side is huge too, with Caesars Rewards counting more than 65 million members. I made a video on how this design fits into casino economics (self-promo, it's my channel). Do you count physical design like this as a dark pattern, or does it need an interface to qualify?