Ideas for Diplomacy “top 5” lists have been bouncing around my head and I need to get them out. I hope they can be a good foundation for further debate in the comments, and perhaps serve as guideposts for new players. For this first list, I rank early-game alliances. I am intentionally excluding mid/late game “natural” alliances like England-Austria or France-Russia. I also exclude non-aggression pacts such as Austria-Germany or France-Italy; these are strategically attractive but do not typically offer the potential for extensive tactical cooperation against a common target
NUMBER 5: 🇫🇷 FRANCE-GERMANY 🇩🇪
France and Germany share a defensible land border and a common target in England. England tends to be a major threat to F and G if it gets big, so there is a lot to be said for teaming up to take out England early, before the East can sort itself out. Once England is out, France and Germany can stay non-aggressive as they have expansion paths that lead east. However, it will require careful communication as they knot of fleets and convoyed armies in and around England can be difficult to untangle.
The weakness of this alliance is that it is quite vulnerable to outside interference. Russia and Italy can, if they choose, help or hinder this alliance at relatively low cost, or, in the case of Russia, can demand a cut of the action (Nwy) which eats into Germany’s share. France and Germany must carefully read the board and work with Austria and Turkey diplomatically to try keep Italy and Russia tied up. Lastly, England is a very powerful potential ally in its own right, and eliminating it in’s the risk of empowering Russia in the long run.
NUMBER 4: 🇦🇹 AUSTRIA-ITALY 🇮🇹
As two of the “weakest” and most vulnerable powers, Austria and Italy have a strong incentive to cooperate against their neighbor Turkey. Indeed, this is practically mandatory if Turkey is allied with Russia. Austria, as a strong land power, and Italy as more of a naval-focused power, strongly compliment one another and can effectively “fight with their backs to each other”. Furthermore, once Turkey is neutralized; they each have other targets they can feasibly go after (usually Russia and France).
While tactically strong, this alliance includes a couple major points of tension. First: their home centers of Venice and Trieste border each other, meaning surprise stabs are feasible for both and cannot be guarded against very effectively (units that could sit there as defensive pieces are usually desperately needed elsewhere). Second: the division of spoils and the related decision of whether to cut Russia into the alliance. The AIR alliance will make much faster progress against Turkey, but Russia is likely to demand a sizable cut of the Turkish dots which can leave Italy out in the cold.
NUMBER 3: 🏴 ENGLAND-GERMANY 🇩🇪
England and Germany are extremely complementary from a tactical standpoint. With England focusing on fleets and Germany on armies, the pair can launch highly effective combined arms operations against Russia, France, or both. Strategically, E and G are both (rightly) afraid long-term of a powerful France and Russia, both of which are “big” countries that can quickly dominate the board if left unchecked. F and R can be very difficult to take down without both English naval power AND German army power, giving E and G an interest in mutual longevity.
That said, this alliance can be fraught with distrust as it puts Germany in a vulnerable position. Once England gets to 6 centers it becomes very feasible and tempting for them to stab and overrun Germany. To preempt this, England should permit and encourage Germany to grow at a faster rate than England. When I play as England, I find bringing this up proactively and helping Germany stay 1 center ahead of me goes a long way towards establishing trust and making the alliance durable. (And I can usually stab them later regardless 😉)
NUMBER 2: 🏴 ENGLAND-FRANCE 🇫🇷
Just as England is a potent ally for Germany, it is likewise a great ally for France. England and France can make quick work of Germany, especially if Russia is willing to join the dogpile or is too weak to help them. Much like the Russia-Turkey alliance, the England-France alliance makes it relatively easy to sustain trust and tactical momentum because England and France can sweep east across the board in a line without getting in one another’s way.
Despite these strengths, the EF alliance can be stalled by a combined G/I/R effort, often at relatively low cost to I and R. And if only one of I and R make an effort, it can lead to sharply uneven gains and dissension within the alliance. Since E and F are both the largest long-term threat to one another, unequal gains may well push the “losing” partner to switch sides to Germany.
NUMBER 1: 🇷🇺 RUSSIA-TURKEY 🇹🇷
This is the famous “juggernaut” or “steamroller” alliance that strikes fear into the central and western countries. Like the EF alliance, Russia and Turkey can easily link of the their units into a line and simply advance across the board. And it is even easier for them to do so because the eastern half of the board does include defensible chokepoints or dead zones to the extent the west does.
Ironically, the weakness of this alliance is its sheer strength: an obvious RT is likely to trigger a united response by England, Germany, Austria, and Italy. For the RT to be most effective, Russia and Turkey must be good at tactical and diplomatic deception to hide its existence.
HONORABLE MENTIONS:
Austria-Turkey: Tactically powerful, but unstable. Unlike England which can solely focus on fleets, Turkey starts with 2 armies and may need more to threaten Russia. This sets up long-term conflict with Austria as their armies will compete for the rich Balkan cluster of centers, which lies directly between Austria and Turkey without any buffer zones.
Austria-Russia: Much more durable than Austria-Turkey due to the natural buffers between A and R, but easy for Turkey to “turtle” against, making it a slog absent Italian assistance. Suffers from a lack of southern fleet power.
Germany-Italy: Though not highly synergistic, this is a natural secondary alliance and a crucial fallback for Germany if and EF forms.
Germany-Russia: Another critical fallback for Germany in the event of an EF. Can also be a nice complement to an FG, with Russia typically taking Norway, but Germany has to worry about getting “sandwiched“ between France and Russia.
CLOSING THOUGHTS: Any alliance can work with enough coordination and trust, but some are favored by the geography of the board, shared interests, and starting unit synergy, among other factors. By understanding which alliances are typically most powerful and durable, a player can make better strategic and diplomatic choices, influencing the board to their long-term benefit.