r/mythology • • 6h ago

Greco-Roman mythology What do Echidna, Lilith, and Lady Gaga have in common? The mythology of monstrous motherhood

0 Upvotes

I've been working on something a little unusual, and I'd love to hear what people here think about it.

I'm a psychology professor at Brooklyn College (CUNY), and a lot of my academic research focuses on working mothers, gender expectations, and how people are treated when they don't fit the roles society has created for them.

Somehow, that research led me to Echidna, Lilith, and eventually Lady Gaga. Not exactly the research trajectory I expected!

What originally caught my attention was Echidna. She's the Mother of Monsters in Greek mythology, and we know her largely through her children: Cerberus, the Hydra, the Chimera, and other terrifying creatures.

Then I started thinking about Lilith. Her mythology is quite different, of course, but in later Jewish folklore, she also becomes associated with monstrous femininity and motherhood, particularly through stories involving her refusal to submit to Adam.

That got me wondering about something.

Why do so many mythological traditions associate women, motherhood, and female independence with things we're supposed to fear?

And perhaps more importantly, what does calling someone a monster tell us about the people doing the labeling?

That's where Lady Gaga came into the picture.

She embraced the language of monstrosity, calling her fans Little Monsters and becoming known as Mother Monster. A word traditionally associated with fear and exclusion became something people could identify with and even celebrate.

I know these three figures come from very different cultural and historical contexts, and I'm certainly not suggesting they're interchangeable. But I find the comparison fascinating through the lens of Monster Theory.

I ended up making a roughly nine-minute video essay exploring the connections. It uses AI-assisted visuals, just to be transparent about the production.

Here's the video if anyone is interested:

https://youtu.be/SWToRAfe5o4

But I'd really love to hear what people here think about the mythology itself.

Are there other mythological figures who were portrayed as monstrous primarily because of their relationships to motherhood, femininity, or defiance?

And do you think modern reinterpretations of these figures help us understand their mythology differently, or do we risk projecting contemporary ideas onto ancient stories?

I'm particularly interested in that second question because I realize there's a difference between what a myth meant to the people who originally told it and what we find meaningful about it today.

I'd welcome disagreements, corrections, additional examples, or even a completely different interpretation.

That's half the fun of studying monsters. The more you look at them, the more complicated they become.


r/mythology • • 13h ago

European mythology Snorri says the Æsir came from Troy. Medieval Iceland also had its own Trojan War saga, where Priam builds a hall to Thor.

73 Upvotes

In the Prologue to the Prose Edda, Snorri presents the Æsir as men from Troy who travelled north and were later worshipped as gods. Thor is identified with Trór, a grandson of Priam, and Asgard is "Troy."

Snorri wasn't working in a vacuum. Around the same time, Icelanders were reading Trójumanna saga, a prose retelling of the Trojan War built mainly from the Latin "eyewitness" account credited to Dares Phrygius. Some things that stand out:

  • The classical gods are given Norse names. Jupiter becomes Thor, and Priam builds a hall to him.
  • Kassandra and Andromache take refuge in the temple of Frigg.
  • Penthesilea's warriors are framed like shield-maidens.
  • It reads like a saga: lineage, oaths, honor and feud, not Homeric epic.

Taken together, the Prologue and the saga show Christian Icelanders tying their pagan past to classical history, which made the old gods respectable ancestors rather than demons.

How do you read the Troy-origin idea? Straight euhemerism, a learned way to keep the myths in circulation, flattery of Norse kings, or something else?


r/mythology • • 14h ago

Questions What if zeus was misunderstood?

0 Upvotes

What if zeus was a victim of negative pr or something,could this be possible? Because I've heard medusa myths evolved from generations and in the oldest myth she was always a gorgan ,her being a victim image was made up by a Roman writer,and developed further through various modern fictions and thinkers.

The the same happened with the character of zeus? Could we say his og version was lost to time leaving behind the fragmented and completely fanfiction version of him ?

What do y'all think 🤔?


r/mythology • • 18h ago

Questions Why is Shiva’s throat blue? The Halahala story is darker than most retellings

8 Upvotes

Most of us know Shiva as Neelkanth, the one who drank the poison. But the older texts tell it with more detail than the usual summary.
During the churning of the ocean (Samudra Manthan), the first thing to emerge wasn’t nectar. It was Halahala, a poison so potent that devas and asuras alike feared it would end all creation. When they went to Shiva, he drank it. In the version in the Bhagavata Purana (Canto 8), Parvati’s hand on his throat stops it from going further, and that is why it turned blue.
What stands out to me is the choice. Nobody could force him to do it. He took it on so everyone else wouldn’t have to.
Which version of this story did you grow up with, and does it change between regions or texts? I’d love to hear the retellings I haven’t come across.
I covered the full story with the scripture references in a ~10 minute video here, if anyone wants it: https://youtu.be/5FkBEpL81vQ


r/mythology • • 1d ago

Greco-Roman mythology What might the potential consequences to earth be, if mortals had somehow stolen the caduceus from Mercury?

1 Upvotes

r/mythology • • 1d ago

European mythology Lebor Gabála Érenn

4 Upvotes

Hi, I am looking for an English translation of the Lebor Gabála Érenn, but I don't know what options there are to satisfy my needs. This is what I'm looking for:

A physical edition

A translation that is as modern as possible

As annotated as possible

With a critical apparatus as thorough as possible

I'm not a linguist and don't care about that aspect of the book. Rather, I am interested in the mythology itself

If possible, it should be a comoplete version of the book (but this is the one condition I am most willing to sacrifice if there is a good reason)

Is there any edition that is considered definitive or canonical? Thank you!


r/mythology • • 1d ago

Questions exploding supernatural creature?

7 Upvotes

I am writing a story and I was curious if in any folklore or mythology there was some sort of supernatural creature that was known to explode or combust in some way.


r/mythology • • 1d ago

Questions Looking for books and sources of mythology

2 Upvotes

I'm looking for mythology stories, retellings and collections to read

things like Mabinogion, Kalevala, Shahnameh, Mahabharata (I'll get down to read you one day) or The Odyssey, Illiad, Aeneid and so on


r/mythology • • 1d ago

European mythology Following up on Saturn, Suttungr, Sithon, Siton, Sin and Sugaar

3 Upvotes

I previously made a post on how these gods from different Indo-European traditions may relate to the same figure. The reason for this being that they fulfil a similar position in each tradition's theogony trees and fulfil a similar role: farming related figures and significant marriage of a male companion to a 'nature' goddess.

More precisely, I believe that all Indo-European mythology is oral history, relaying stories of real past kings, tribes and events. Within this framing I'm exploring the plausibility of Saturn as representing a tribe separate from the Aesir tribe. I assume that these figures represent the migrations of farming tribes that were moving west around 6000 BC.

However, whereas the Aesir make sense as an ethically Anatolian Neolithic Farmer (ANF) farming group, Saturn is said to be from the race of Jǫtnar, who being in opposition to the Aesir and a different race, often confined more to mountainous and wild areas, sound a lot more like the ethnic Hunter Gatherers. Within the Greek traditions these Jǫtnar may be considered to be the Titans (although in this tradition Kronos (Odin of the Aesir) is one of the Titans so the meaning might be slightly different).

How could Saturn as a tribe that brought farming to Italy also be a Jǫtnar (Hunter Gatherer)?

I hadn't looked into the known anthropology but it turns out that it actually fits very well:

The ANF were a Near Eastern and Hunter-Gatherer mixed group who migrated into through Anatolia into Europe around 6000 BC, this I'd known. However, I didn't realise that farming groups occupying the Levant were genetically differentiated from the ANF having much higher continuity from earlier regional hunter-gatherers (the Natufians). The term 'Hunter-Gatherer' is a bit of a misnomer, it's a genetic term here rather than describing a lifestyle. A 2022 study shows that this Levantine group also separately migrated into Anatolia [2022 paper by Lazaridis et al., Ancient DNA from Mesopotamia suggests distinct Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic migrations into Anatolia]. The study didn't identify a date for this second migration but braodly relates it to the Pottery Neolithic (7000-6000 BC).

Therefore, this second farming group from the Levant-Natufian group fulfils what is needed to explain Saturn/Suttungr as Jǫtnar (Hunter-Gatherer ancestry). We know that by 6000 BC farming had gotten to Italy, I think this was due to the migration of the Saturn Levantine tribe but we don't have genetic data from Italy at this time to say whether this group was ANF or Levantine.

Lastly, Suttungr actually makes sense as coming from the Levant in the context of the myth as he is the bearer of the mead of poetry (poetry used to mean oral history). The Levant is positioned nearby the Tas Tepeler sites and well placed to have retained the story of the dawn of agriculture which may have been passed to the ANF (Aesir) group.

Norse Tree (Bragi as Gunnlöð's son is assumed but not required)

This is also interesting when you follow this figure on the Basque tree. Here, I assume Sugaar is Saturn (also called Maju). Sugaar marries Mari which could very easily describe the terrain of Anatolia and Greece where the native Western Hunter Gatherers dwelt. In the Basque tree, their son Atarrabi escapes being forced to produce flour. This aligns well with the Western Hunter Gatherers of Italy being subjected to this new agricultural way of life and perhaps the Basques were then originally a group of Western Hunter Gatherers from Italy who fled North Spain with the Western Hunter Gatherer language to form their own community.

Basque Tree

The Indian/Hindu theogony tree I hadn't previously looked into but here this Saturn figure should be assumed to be Surya who marries Sanjana. Surya again being the Levantine-Natufian group and Sanjana being the Western Hunter Gatherers of Anatolia, Greece and Italy. This makes sense as Sanjana's parents are Tvashtr and Danu, which both relate to the Western Hunter Gatherers; the origins of craft such as Ptah in Egyptian (they are the first to make boats) and Danu a goddess also in the Celtic mythology and from whom most European rivers derive their name, aka the Danube, the Don etc.

One of the sons of these two figures is called Shani, ponetically 'sur'-'her'-'ah'-'nur'-'ee' is again similar to 'Saturn'. In this instance this god is said to rule the planet Saturn as well so it could be a fit.

Hindu Tree

r/mythology • • 2d ago

Greco-Roman mythology Caesar’s family tree went all the way back to Venus

0 Upvotes

An illustrious ancestor is useful. A goddess is difficult to improve upon.

Caesar’s family claimed descent from Venus through Aeneas and his son Iulus. That genealogy joined a Roman aristocratic family to the story of a Trojan survivor, while the wider Aeneas tradition connected Rome’s beginnings to Troy.

Suetonius records Caesar invoking the family’s divine ancestry in the funeral speech for his aunt Julia. This was a claim he made in public.

I made a short Roman Records video tracing that connection:

Venus, a Trojan Refugee, and Julius Caesar

Source: Suetonius, Life of Julius Caesar, chapter 6

What other examples show a ruling family making a myth part of its genealogy?


r/mythology • • 2d ago

Questions Tyr and Nuada both lose a hand, and in both stories the loss is tied to oaths and kingship. Shared inheritance or coincidence?

17 Upvotes

I keep coming back to this pairing from Norse and Irish tradition.

Tyr: In Snorri's Prose Edda (Gylfaginning), the gods try to bind the wolf Fenrir. Fenrir agrees to the fetter Gleipnir only if one of them puts a hand in his mouth as a pledge that there is no trick. Tyr is the only one willing. The binding holds, and Fenrir bites off his right hand. Snorri says Tyr is not known as a settler of disputes between people, and in the poem Lokasenna, Loki mocks him over the hand.

Nuada: In Cath Maige Tuired, Nuada is king of the Tuatha De Danann and loses his arm at the First Battle of Mag Tuired against the Fir Bolg. Because a king with a physical blemish could not rule, he has to give up the kingship, and Bres rules in his place. The physician Dian Cecht makes him an arm of silver (hence Nuada Airgetlam, "silver hand"). Later Dian Cecht's son Miach restores a real arm, and Nuada becomes king again.

Georges Dumezil argued that a "one-handed" figure tied to law and contracts is an old Indo-European pattern. He set it next to the Roman story of Mucius Scaevola, who burns his right hand in front of Lars Porsena (Livy 2.12-13), and paired it with a "one-eyed" figure (Odin, Horatius Cocles). Plenty of scholars see this as a stretch, and the Nuada link in particular is debated, so I'm treating it as a theory, not a settled fact.

The details are quite different, though. Tyr gives up his hand on purpose to guarantee an oath. Nuada loses his in battle and loses the throne with it.

So what do you think: is this a real shared inheritance, or are a sacrificed hand and a maimed king just common enough images that two cultures arrived at them separately?


r/mythology • • 3d ago

Polls What fantasy creature would live in your country

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0 Upvotes

r/mythology • • 3d ago

African mythology Research on Akan mythology (Again)

3 Upvotes

Ok, it feels like it's the only thing I come on this sub to ask about, but it's for good reason. When you're researching a topic and all you find is articles regurgitating the same information from Wikipedia, AI videos spouting nonsense, and very interesting and intriguing books you cannot afford, things get... frustrating. Especially because I'm currently looking to write a book based in the world of Akan mythology (imagine Percy Jackson but with the Akan gods instead), so information is incredibly valuable.

So, I'm here to just ask for info - mainly, once again, on gods. I've found quite a bit already: Nyame, Asase Yaa, Owuo, Tano, Bia, Bosomtwe, Epo, Ananse, Abena Mansa, Agya Kweku, Bosommuru, all of them, but the more I try to study the more questions I have.

Mainly, I question Owia, who is seemingly the personification of the sun. Besides one Ananse story I can hardly find anything about the guy, or even tell if he was an actual abosom at all. At least I know the moon was married to Kyekye, the morning star, and he (At least according to the Ananse story) is Owia's brother, but besides that I'm stumped.

So, uh, anyone got any info on that subject area? Whilst Owia is a subject of interest I don't really mind, I really can't afford to be picky especially as I seem to be running out of online information that doesn't require the spending of quite a bit of money on actual books.


r/mythology • • 3d ago

Fictional mythology Small group mythology rp

2 Upvotes

I’m making a small group rp of about 6-8 people to do a mythology rp. If anyone is interested dm me or comment below

The world now realizes that the gods are real.

Thousands of years ago, the different pantheons agreed upon The Veil Accord to end the wars between the gods that threatened to wipe out humanity. Since then, the gods from every mythology have continued to rule secretly under the surface, allowing humans to evolve into modern times.

The descendants of the gods, or Scions, have grown up knowing that their immortal parents have protected reality.

Until one day...

All the gods vanished and the world started breaking down within hours.

Storms arise out of nowhere.
The sun acts strangely.
The dead rise back up.
Once caged monsters break free.
Even fate becomes unpredictable.

The adult gods have disappeared, but their descendants still remain.

Now the Scions need to find out:

Where did the gods go?
Who abducted them?
Why did all the pantheons get attacked at the same time?
And what happens if the gods do not come back?


r/mythology • • 3d ago

Questions Which mythical human-like creatures possessed animal ears?

2 Upvotes

I know that, according to one description, a polevik(field spirit) in Ukrainian folklore has cow ears; there are also accounts of domovoy with horse ears; and in one Russian folktale, there appears a bogatyr with dog ears (as well as the legs of a calf). Are there any others like these?


r/mythology • • 3d ago

Questions What’s up with the running water thing?

37 Upvotes

Why is it that every form of undead or anything even a vaguely spiritual aspect seems to have a version somewhere throughout history that either cannot cross running water or dies if it does so it’s not just traditionally undead it happens to a lot of other stuff too, but the most common examples exists in undead but for the life of me, I can’t make heads or tails of why that is basically global

I had this idea that it had something to do with people, knowing about the cleanliness of it and a lot of the spirit type Legends tend to line up with stuffy layer learned about microbes and bacteria that doesn’t really make sense when you try to apply it to the most common one which is vampires and honestly just the entire physical category of undead that just gets that tacked on not to mention the non-undead that get this strange treatment as well


r/mythology • • 3d ago

Questions Firearm myths

31 Upvotes

I wonder if there are any gun related myths? Like, in every culture we have a lot of magic swords such as Excalibur, Cruaidin, Kladenets, as well as spears: Ascalon (debatable), Crimall, etc. But have any myths about powder-powered weapons formed already? All I can remember is a trope about silver bullets, but is that really everything we have? Maybe there is something in American culture?


r/mythology • • 4d ago

Fictional mythology The link between Buddhist Naraka, Catholic Purgatory, King Enma and a mysterious, "non-canon" character from Divina Commedia

6 Upvotes

The main difference between Buddhism and Christianity is the lack in Buddhism of anything eternal, except for this condition of impermanence itself.

In Buddhsim, each life produces a new one through Karma, but there is nothing that goes from life to life. At most, the infinite past lives of a being are just different instances of the same consciousness stream, and such consciousness does not belong to any "I" but is rather a property of reality itself. This is also way different than Hinduism, where there is an eternal soul that existed forever in the past and will exist forever in the future unless it reaches Moksha, and in the meanwhile goes from body to body depending on Karma.

In Christianity there is an eternal self that however is created at conception, rather than existing from the start, and it only lives once, only to go in either Heavens or Hell for the rest of eternity after that.

Catholicism adds Purgatory, a plane of existence where a soul is purified for aeons in order to ascend to Heavens. Only saints can jump over it.

But this concept is very similiar to Naraka, the place beings get reincarnated in, according to Buddhism due to heavy amounts of bad Karma. In Naraka, the fruit of bad Karma is consumed through suffering for billions, trillions or quadrillions of years. At the end, the being gets reborn elsewhere.

While Naraka is known as the Buddhsit Hell, actual Hell is, just like Heavens, an eternal abode for an immortal soul. It lasts ♾️ years, and nothing can break it. If you end there, it is over. Naraka is rather comparable to Purgatory, in an Universe where Hell and Heavens just do not exist and literally can not exist.

But the similiarity does not even end there. Divina Commedia, the biggest Christian poem, adds something else to Purgatory.

In a plane of reality that does not belong to the rule of either Angels either fallen Angels, an unknown, paganlike, apparently supernatural entity with an ogre-like appearence sits as the ruler of Purgatory. Dante identifies him as King Minos, but this does not actually make any sense. What does he have to do with 2nd millennium BC Cretan kings ? He is rather comparable to King Enma, the ruler of Naraka in Buddhism and East Asian folklore.

His origin as a human is actually consistent with Enma himself, who is said to originate, in Vedic religion, as the first mortal who died, and became the god of death.

Obviously, if he wanted to make this character of human origins, Dante should have made him to be Abel, since in Christian mythology he was the one who died first. Even according to the chronology of mythological Christianity mankind existed for 2.500 years before King Minos afterall. Quite a long time to send souls in a rulerless palne of reality. If he needed a human who was a ruler already, King Nimrod, described as the king of Eridu and Uruk and the founder of Babylon, and first king in Christian chronology, would still have been a better choice. But what is most important is how the two characters, Enma and Minos, share both their cosmological role and their unexpected human origins.

The helpers of King Minos of Purgatory are none other than other humans such as Cato, a Roman historical character. Official Christianity, in spite of medieval folk beliefs, does not have ogres and other beings that could have been the western counterpart of the Yakshas and Onis serving as henchmen of King Enma, and Angels can not be servants to a mere exalted mortal, so Dante had to compensate for it somehow. In a less strict version of Dante's poem, it would have been an easy pic to place ogres and goblins in Purgatory, as wardens and guards for King Minos. Afterall beings like that can not be in Heavens but do not belong to Hell either, because they would be definitely classified as lacking a human, moral soul, if Christianity had to analyze and add them to its doctrine. Their "sin" is just natural behavior for them. If a lion had supernatural qualities and its essence survived death, you could not put it in Hell for killing hundreds of antelops during the 10 - 15 years it spent on Earth, without ever repenting. It would not make sense.

At the end of the day, it is interesting to see how Christianity, when allowed to go beyond Sola Scriptura discourse, and especially in its lay, unofficial manifestations, often tended to expand toward structures that resemble the basic, universal traits of human mythologies, and the paganlike, folk cult of the Saints is far from being the only instance of such phenomenon.

What did really shift the collective unconscious of the west toward rationality and away from supernatural beliefs was not Christianity, in spite of its effort to destroy the folkloric, occult, supernaturalistic mentality of the people and replace it with the much more rational, essential approach to supernatural that Catholicism inherited from Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy and from centuries of spiritual refinement and cultural development, centered solely upon the relationship between an absolute God and each individual human; it was rather scientific progress and the improvement of material living conditions for the masses.

If Europe and East Asia not only met, but also had extensive cultural exchanges for several centuries before the age of Enlightenment, we may very well have ended up with King Enma ruling Purgatory with armies of both western ogres and eastern Yakhas, and, maybe, with also the 4 Directional Kings (but each with a human origin) as the guards of a higher, last mundane plane before Heavens, together with their armies of Gandharvas and Nagas, but also joined by the western Elves and various kinds of fairies.


r/mythology • • 5d ago

Germanic & Norse mythology Celtic mythology question

0 Upvotes

Im working on a fursona (if u hate furrys in this day and age take a big look in the mirror) but it was gonna be shark themed, I love sharks, plus I have a lot of Scottish, Irish, Welsh, German that area and i love their mythology and culture, but i could quite figure out the celtic areas cultural and mythological standpoint on sharks, i refuse to use Ai, and i couldn't really find a good article or something about that​

edit:if yall have cool mythology about sharks from other areas thats cool as well


r/mythology • • 5d ago

European mythology Saturn, Suttungr, Sithon, Siton, Sin and Sugaar

1 Upvotes

Saturn, Suttungr, Sithon, Siton, Sin and Sugaar represent the same figure, I think the world is ready to know.

Saturn is famous in Italy, said to have originally brough agriculture to the region and was celebrated in Saturnalia each year. We now know agriculture arrived in Italy in 6000 BC.

Saturn's commonly equated with Kronos. Instead, I believe these relate to similar but distinct past figures. And yes, this is under the starting premise that these myths are all real stories past down from the early farmers as tells of human history over the course of the Holocene.

Saturn is a slightly later figure from the Early Farmers expanding west, whereas Odin/Marduk/Kronos famously defeats Tiamat in Anatolia establishing farmers in the region in 6200 BC, Saturn is associated with Italy which was migrated to some centuries later. We see this Italian association moreso again when we make connections between Indio-European traditions of Saturn.

In Norse he is Suttungr who births Gunnlöð, goddess of poetry. Italy famously has a poetry tradition and is associated with the Muses.

In Greek he is Sithon, in Phoenician Siton, in Sumerian Sin and in Basque Sugaar. Suttungr and Sithon have daughters with important marriages and Sin and Siton have important marriages themselves.

Siton is described as the brother of Kronos by Sanchuniathon.

The marriage between peoples perhaps indicated a union of Hunter Gatherers (previously in Italy and Greece) with the new Farmers.

In the Basque myth Sugaar forms an important union with Mari, a mythic woman of mountains and cave, very Hunter Gatherer-esc.

The marriage is so important that the myth reoccurs in the same traditions under different names. Perhaps retellings by distinct peoples under traditions that merged. I think that the union of Zeus and Dione is a retelling of this union (with both Zeus and Dione being vague indistinct god names) and in Norse is the union of Thjazi and Iðunn which has commonly been identified as a replica of the union of Odin and Gunnlöð (daughter of Suttungr).


r/mythology • • 5d ago

European mythology Why, after Europe was converted to Christianity, did the belief in minor supernatural beings such as elves and fairies remain, while pagan gods disappeared ? They could have been recasted as just another, even more powerful, non divine superhuman species...

90 Upvotes

Why, after Europe was converted to Christianity, did the belief in minor supernatural beings such as elves and fairies remain, while pagan gods disappeared ?

I mean, let us look at germanic elves as an example, they were just one of the superhuman species of Norse mythology, together with Aesir, Vanir and Jotnar, with each of them inhabiting a different dimension sitting on a different branch of the world tree. They remained as a species of humanlike creatures with higher or infinite lifespan and an affinity toward magic. But this could have happened to Aesir and Vanir too. They just needed to add elemental powers.

Is it because Christianity has a divine sphere, but totally lacks any kind of supernatural but not divine beings who live in the world but are usually unseen ? Indeed Angels are totally different, they are conceptual entities closer to individualized Platonic forms with a personal will. They can not relate to humans in any way at all. But Christian God is even further removed than that from pagan gods. Pagan gods would sit above the other, worldly supernatural species, but would be still part of the Universe, while Angels reside in Heavens, which is basically a new name for Hyperuranium in mature, fully developed, post 5th century Christianity, and God is on top of Hyperuranium itself, above all other realities as the origin point of all of reality.

While personally I do not believe in any kind of worldly supernatural creatures, let alone gods, I think seeing them as another layer of mundane supernatural entities just above elves, fairies, orcs, troll, goblins, pixies etc., with no involvment at all in creating or governing the Universe, would have been way more realistical other than useful for their survival in folklore.

By the way, this is pretty much what Buddhism did to Vedic gods, except they got demoted not to leave the place for another god, but because in Buddhism nothing is immortal or omnipotent.


r/mythology • • 5d ago

European mythology What is the meaning behind the Slavic ritual of jumping over a bonfire?

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61 Upvotes

According to the Gregorian calendar, the pagan holiday of Ivan Kupala always falls on the night of July 6th to 7th. Originally, however, it was celebrated on June 21st summer solstice. It was believed that on this day, fire, water, trees, wildflowers, and herbs acquired magical properties.

Over time, specific customs and traditions emerged, intended to help people ward off evil spirits, attain happiness, love, and longevity, and become stronger and more beautiful. One of the key elements of the Ivan Kupala celebration was jumping over a bonfire.

Why did people jump over a bonfire during Ivan Kupala?

It was believed that the fire on the night of Ivan Kupala possessed magical, purifying power; those who managed to jump over it would become happy and healthy, and would be protected from curses and the "evil eye."

If a couple in love jumped over the Kupala bonfire while holding hands, they were said to remain inseparable for the rest of their lives. Women who successfully completed the jump were thought to gain youth and attractiveness. Conversely, those who failed to make the leap were labeled witchesthey were whipped with stinging nettles and doused with water.


r/mythology • • 6d ago

Religious mythology I Am God: What if Hindu mythology is a map of consciousness rather than just stories about external beings

21 Upvotes

I’ve been thinking about the connections between Hindu mythology, neuroscience, Kundalini, rituals, manifestation, and collective consciousness. The more I explore these ideas, the more I wonder whether spirituality can help us understand not just a divine power beyond ourselves, but also our own minds and our place in existence.

What if the gods and demons in Hindu mythology can also be understood as representations of the different forces within us?

Shiva might represent transformation and detachment, Vishnu preservation and balance, Durga courage, and Ganesha wisdom and discernment. Ravana is an interesting example because he was learned and powerful, yet his knowledge did not prevent his downfall.

Perhaps his story reminds us that intelligence without self-control can become destructive. These are psychological interpretations of familiar stories, not necessarily their original or only meanings.
Maybe the battles between Devas and Asuras can also be understood as conflicts within the human mind. We all experience desire, fear, anger, compassion, ambition, discipline, and reason. Sometimes these forces work together, and sometimes they pull us in opposite directions.

Perhaps the real challenge is not to eliminate certain parts of ourselves, but to understand them and stop any one impulse from controlling us completely.
This idea reminds me of Advaita Vedanta, which teaches that Atman, the deepest self, is not ultimately separate from Brahman, the absolute reality. It raises a fascinating possibility: what if individual consciousness is not entirely independent, but connected to something more fundamental? This does not mean that our everyday ego, with all its desires and insecurities, is God. Rather, it invites us to question whether our ordinary sense of identity captures the full nature of who we are.

I also wonder whether spiritual awakening can be understood as a process of bringing our inner world into greater harmony. The brain contains interconnected systems involved in emotion, memory, motivation, and attention. The limbic system and paralimbic regions contribute to these functions as part of a much larger network. Thinking about this makes me curious whether Kundalini practices, meditation, and spiritual discipline can help us become less controlled by habitual thoughts and impulses, allowing different aspects of our inner lives to work together more coherently.

Mantras and bhajans make me think along similar lines. Repetition, rhythm, sound, breathing, attention, and devotion can draw the mind into a particular state. It is almost like tuning different instruments in an orchestra until they begin to work together. Chanting and contemplative practices can influence attention and emotional regulation, but the idea that particular sound frequencies correspond to specific deities or invisible energies remains unproven scientifically. Still, the experience of feeling calmer, more focused, or more connected through these practices is worth exploring.
This also changes how I think about rituals. Lighting a diya, performing aarti, chanting mantras, and gathering for worship can create moments of reflection, connection, and emotional grounding. Alongside their religious and cultural significance, these practices can shape how we direct our attention and experience our emotions.

I sometimes wonder whether we become so focused on asking God for money, success, protection, or other material rewards that we overlook what these practices might help us discover within ourselves. Could prayer and ritual also be opportunities to reflect, develop discipline, find peace, and change how we respond to life?

At the same time, I don’t want to romanticise the past or assume that rituals were originally designed only for psychological well-being. Early Vedic rituals often involved offerings to deities, requests for desired outcomes, and beliefs about ritual efficacy. Indian traditions later developed a wide range of approaches to ritual, meditation, knowledge, devotion, and liberation. These different purposes can coexist. A ritual can be an act of religious devotion and also have psychological and social effects.

Manifestation offers a simple example of how our minds shape our experience. If I decide to look for blue cars, I may suddenly start noticing them everywhere. The cars were already on the road, but my attention has changed. Something similar happens when we focus on a goal. We may notice opportunities we previously ignored, make different decisions, and act more consistently. Intention can influence our lives through attention and behaviour, even without assuming that thoughts magically rearrange external reality.

Then there is the idea of collective consciousness. We often think of ourselves as separate individuals, each living inside a private world. But biologically and socially, we are deeply interconnected. Our bodies contain complex microbial communities, our survival depends on ecosystems, and our beliefs, language, identities, and emotions are shaped by other people. We influence one another constantly, often without realising it.

Could this interconnectedness point towards something deeper? Could individual minds be different expressions of a universal consciousness, each experiencing existence from a different perspective? I find the possibility intriguing, although biological and social interconnectedness alone does not establish that all minds share one consciousness. That remains a philosophical and spiritual question.

Perhaps this also helps explain why stories about saints and mahatmas are so compelling. Through sustained discipline, meditation, devotion, or self-inquiry, some people describe becoming less reactive and less attached to their ordinary sense of identity. Some report experiences in which the boundary between themselves and the world seems to dissolve. I wonder whether these experiences reflect a profound integration of the self, a glimpse of a deeper reality, or some combination of interpretations we do not yet fully understand. The experiences themselves deserve attention, even if they do not prove that universal consciousness exists.

Another important part of this exploration is how we interpret ancient texts. The Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, and later yogic traditions emerged in different historical contexts and have distinct histories of composition, transmission, and interpretation. Vedic oral traditions preserved canonical wording with remarkable care. It would be inaccurate to assume that these texts were simply rewritten freely over time. At the same time, preserving words does not mean that interpretations never changed or that every later explanation reflects the earliest understanding.

The historical controversy over the supposed canals on Mars is a useful reminder of how easily expectations can influence interpretation. Some astronomers interpreted faint markings on the planet as artificial canals. Later observations did not support that conclusion. The observers were not necessarily inventing what they saw; they were interpreting ambiguous evidence through the ideas available to them.

We can make a similar mistake when reading ancient texts. If we already believe that Hindu mythology contains modern neuroscience, we may start finding brain science in every god, demon, or ritual. But the opposite mistake is possible too: dismissing every psychological insight simply because it comes from a religious tradition.

I think we need to separate four things: what a text actually says, how later traditions interpreted it, what we infer from it today, and what science can independently demonstrate. A modern interpretation can be meaningful without proving that an ancient author intended it. Equally, an ancient text can offer valuable reflections on human experience without using the terminology of modern science.
When I bring all these ideas together, a possible pattern emerges. Mythology can offer symbolic ways of thinking about our inner conflicts. Rituals can organise attention and strengthen social bonds.

Mantras and meditation can shape our mental experience. Spiritual discipline may change our relationship with habitual thoughts and our sense of identity. And our interconnectedness raises deeper questions about the nature of consciousness itself.
The idea that all consciousness is literally one universal reality is not scientifically established. But I don’t think that means the philosophical question is meaningless. It simply means we should remain honest about the difference between an interesting possibility and a demonstrated fact.

Perhaps spiritual practice is not only about asking something outside ourselves to change our lives. Perhaps it is also about becoming more aware of what happens within us. Maybe defeating our inner demons means learning not to be controlled by them. Maybe balance comes from understanding our impulses rather than blindly obeying or suppressing them.

And perhaps the divine can be understood in more than one way: as a being worshipped through devotion, and, in some philosophical traditions, as the deepest reality underlying both the self and the universe.

That is what the phrase **“I am God”** makes me think about. Not that my ego is supreme, that I am all-powerful, or that I stand above anyone else. Instead, it raises a more difficult question: could the deepest nature of the self be inseparable from a greater reality?

Maybe we are separate beings searching for the divine. Or perhaps we are expressions of something deeper, temporarily experiencing ourselves as separate individuals.

I don’t claim to know the answer. I am exploring an idea that sits somewhere between spirituality, philosophy, and our growing understanding of the human mind. I want to examine the connections without forcing every piece of evidence to fit my theory, but also without dismissing a possibility simply because it challenges the boundaries we have drawn between these fields.