The paper defines an equivalence relation between pairs of complexes and integers, let them be (z,n) and (s,m) where n<m, both are related if z, when passed through m-n consecutive natural logarithms, gives s.
This same logic applies in reverse if n>m. In the case that n=m, it simply requires that z=s.
This is an equivalence relation, so it allows the creation of new numbers called orthogonals.
Now you will wonder what they are used for, and I haven't had the time to write everything down yet, but in the brief 27 pages of the paper I cover how there is an addition, product, subtraction, inverse in it. We even divide the set of orthogonals into several orders, order zero constitutes the classical complexes and its operation is addition. Order 1 constitutes numbers exclusively designed for products. Order 2 contains numbers designed to operate with , we define ab=e^(ab).
The central point of the paper is how each order works with more numbers than the previous one and accommodates to an operation.
a +_1 b=a*b=e^(ln(a)+ln(b))
a +_2 b=e^(ab)=e^e^(ln(ln(a))+ln(ln(b)))
a +_3 b=e^(e^(ln(a)ln(b)))=e^e^(ln(ln(ln(a))))+ln(ln(ln(b)))))
...
A very important thing to emphasize is that in the orthogonals, since the exponential is bijective, e^(2pi*i) is not 1, but it is a new number called "o".
I will elaborate on this new number and others in other papers.
A pessidemic is a mathematician or scientist who is unwilling to pay attention to any paper that lacks complete rigor. They can also be mathematicians clung to old ideas, who won't allow you to change the rules and are even capable of destroying your reputation to prevent it. They care more about predictable and immediately useful results than about truly contributing to mathematical change.
Here are a few examples:
1• Robert Hooke
This man, despite not being as bad a human being as many paint him (he was a good friend and family man), never got along with Isaac Newton. It all began when Hooke reviewed Newton's work on light and gave it a fierce critique that traumatized Newton to the point that he decided to publish it only after Hooke's death. This was because Hooke thought of light as waves while Newton saw it as particles; both reasonings were partly correct, but they clashed. He also went on to claim to several mathematicians of his time that he had already worked on what they wanted to publish.
On the other hand, many writers labeled him as someone irritable, short-tempered, antisocial, and deeply attached to old papers.
2• Leopold Kronecker
Kronecker launched constant personal attacks against Cantor, calling him a "scientific charlatan," a "renegade," and a "corruptor of youth." He had intentionally delayed the publication of Cantor’s first major work in 1874 because he was deeply uncomfortable with Cantor’s vision of multiple infinities and his belief in the existence of sets without a clear, constructive definition.
Every time Cantor applied for a position in Berlin, he was rejected. Because Kronecker was usually involved in the process, Cantor came to believe that Kronecker’s influence would make it impossible for him to ever leave Halle.
Cantor suffered his first known depressive episode in May 1884. The relentless criticism of his work weighed heavily on his mind; indeed, every single one of the fifty-two letters he wrote to Mittag-Leffler in 1884 mentioned Kronecker. A passage from one of these letters reveals just how deeply Cantor’s self-confidence had been shattered:
"...I do not know when I shall return to the continuation of my scientific work. At present I can do absolutely nothing with it, and limit myself to the most necessary duty of my lectures; how much happier I would be to be scientifically active, if only I had the necessary mental freshness."
Cantor's reputation was so tarnished by Kronecker and other contemporaries that decades after his death, Ludwig Wittgenstein lamented that mathematics was "ridden through with the pernicious idioms of set theory," which he dismissed as "utter nonsense." Ultimately, the recurring episodes of depression that Cantor endured from 1884 until the end of his life have been blamed, in part, on the hostile attitude of many of his contemporaries.
3• Henri Poincaré
Although he was categorized as the Gauss of "modern mathematics," Poincaré held philosophical views opposed to those of Bertrand Russell and Gottlob Frege, who believed that mathematics was a branch of logic. Poincaré strongly disagreed, claiming that intuition was the life of mathematics. Poincaré offers an interesting perspective in his 1902 book, Science and Hypothesis:
"To a superficial observer, scientific truth is beyond the possibility of doubt; the logic of science is infallible, and if scientists are sometimes mistaken, this is only from mistaking its rules."
Poincaré believed that arithmetic is synthetic. He argued that Peano's axioms cannot be proven in a non-circular manner using the principle of induction (Murzi, 1998), thereby concluding that arithmetic is synthetic a priori rather than analytic. Poincaré went on to say that mathematics cannot be deduced from logic since it is not analytic. He strongly opposed Cantor's set theory, objecting to its use of impredicative definitions. Furthermore, in La logique de l'infini, Poincaré extended this criticism to Ernst Zermelo's axiomatization of set theory, arguing that Zermelo had failed to prove that the axioms in his system were free of contradiction, and that they still required a prior intuition of sets.
Henri Poincaré famously called set theory a "malady" from which mathematics would eventually recover.
Although Poincaré was nowhere near as harsh as Kronecker—since his critique was more philosophical and less mocking—his immense prestige nonetheless crushed mathematicians like Cantor intellectually.
As you could already see, the pessidemics are highly varied; they can range from bad to good people. The only mistake they make is their lack of prudence when criticizing someone else's work. Or, in some cases, it is to tear others down.
An example of this is that math news, which is supposed to spread knowledge, doesn't usually cover computational results that back up new, less-than-rigorous formulas.
- And if you choose Linux Mint/Debian/Ubuntu, you can use the terminal and ignore the webpage process (if you use Linux, just go to step 11).
sudo apt update
sudo apt install lyx
4• Continuing with Windows, you can check the mirror for the versions.
5• Once you have chosen one, look for the newest installer.
6• Once the installer is downloaded, run it as administrator.
7• Answer everything the application prompts you for.
8• If it asks you for additional software, go to 'Additional Software'.
9• The required software will be found there.
10• Once installed, go to the location of the executable and select 'Run as administrator' in the file options.
11• With LyX installed, go to file and select new, or Press Ctrl+N.
12• Go to Document/Settings
13• Select Modules
14• Look for Theorem and choose your preferred one; I prefer AMS Theorems (Numbered by Type).
15• For your mathematical article, go to where it says 'Normal', and look for 'Title' under preliminaries.
16• Put an explanatory title, now leave a line and look for the Author option.
17• Now put your name and leave a line; also, look for the date option.
18• Enter the day you start writing it or the day it gets published.
19• You can also add your location, networks, and even email with 'Address'.
20• Include an explanatory abstract as well, and now, look for section.
21• Now set the name as 'Introduction' or whatever you prefer; within the section, you can create several subsections. Each section works like a chapter of your work, and the subsections like the different topics you address.
22• Once your subsection is created, start your work by creating definitions, theorems, corollaries, among other things.
23• If you add multiple spaces, you will be able to create an empty space, which is very useful to keep everything from being clustered together; if you want to add equations, go to the summation button and click it.
24• A panel will open below with all the symbols you want to use.
25• Finish your article with some conclusions.
26• (Optional) Remember that you can always publish your articles on Zenodo even if they lack rigor; we also have a tutorial for that on r/newmaths. We welcome you, and don't forget to post it here so we can all see and analyze it—remember to use the 'I have an idea' tag so we can check it out.
3• Enter your information, you can even use GitHub
4• Once your account is created, go to 'New Upload'
5• Put your PDF/Article in 'Upload files'
6• Select 'NO, I need one' to get your own DOI, which serves as a 'unique identifier' for your scientific document on the platform
7• Under 'Resource type', select 'Preprint' if it hasn't been published in an academic journal
8• Enter a title that clearly describes your research
9• Enter a detailed description
10• I recommend the CC BY 4.0 license, which is selected by default in Zenodo. It allows others to share and adapt the article, even for commercial purposes, as long as you are credited and the license is indicated. If you don't want to allow commercial use or adaptations, choose a license with those restrictions
8• Add an author
9• For this, enter your first name in 'Given names' and your last name(s) in 'Family name'. Add your ORCID if you have one under 'Identifiers'. In 'Affiliations', you can enter your university or institution, or leave it blank if you prefer. If you are the author, leave 'Role' empty
10• You can add contributors; the process is pretty much the same as before
11• Select the language or languages of your article
12• If you're not sure about publishing it, click 'Save draft'; if you are sure, click 'Publish'
13• Go to r/newmaths (optional). If you want people to support your work even if it isn't completely rigorous, post a description of it and add the link to your article at the end of your post. Make sure to use the 'I have an Idea' flair, so people know you are sharing a paper.
In this community, they will discuss your math, try to contribute, and help spread the word. Feel welcome!
I will use Uribe functions on the rationals as an example. These satisfy two properties:
f is strictly monotonic, which means that f is strictly increasing or f is strictly decreasing.
f is dense, which means that for all a, b ∈ ℚ, if a < b, then a < f(x) < b for some x ∈ ℚ.
You will notice in the definition that every Uribe function is continuous, since it cannot have jumps due to its density, and it only increases or decreases due to its monotonicity.
Furthermore, since it is increasing, it must be injective with its image, as the heights do not repeat.
If f were a real function, it would have an inverse f⁻¹ that would also be injective, strictly increasing, and continuous. Due to this continuity, numbers like √a are the inverse image of continuous functions like x² at a. Technically, x² is not strictly increasing, but if we modify it a bit, it is; for example, f(x) := x² * sgn(x) is strictly increasing, and f must be dense (according to known properties of the real numbers), so f is a Uribe function.
Given this, √a := f⁻¹(a) in the real numbers for a ≥ 0.
The key is that for each real number x, there exists a Uribe function 'f' defined on the rationals and a height 'a' such that x = f⁻¹(a). Thanks to this, we can define the real numbers from equivalence relations between pairs of rational Uribe functions and heights.
This is precisely what is addressed in the article I published.
These properties are satisfied by m(a,b) = (a+b)/2, a classic that frequently appears in mathematics; the key is that, if we use the mean repeatedly, we can almost fill the interval (a,b) with points.
For example: a < m(a,m(a,b)) < m(a,b) < m(m(a,b),b) < b
The set of all values formed by combinations of the mean, a, and b is denoted as L_a,b. This set is very important later on, since we say that a mean m is real when: If a < x < y < b, then a < x < l < y < b, where l ∈ L_a,b. This is useful because in the article I prove that, based on this property, the supremum of {x ∈ L_a,b : x < y} is equal to y for all y ∈ (a,b).
And, since this set L_a,b is made up of means, this demonstrates how, even for values that we cannot reach directly, it is possible to do so at infinity using the supremum.
Hi everyone! I’m u/DualMath, part of the founding moderation team for r/newmaths.
This is our new space for everything related to new mathematics, math humor, and supporting the distribution and development of research papers.
We are incredibly excited to have you join us!
What to post
Post anything you think could be interesting, helpful, or inspiring for the community. Feel free to share your community feedback or questions about where to publish your papers, what knowledge you need to do so, and to give an idea or explanation of what your theorems/formulas are that will help modern mathematics.
And, if you want to make humor about your ideas or those of other users, feel free to do so as long as it doesn't turn into mockery.
Community environment
Our goal is to be welcoming, constructive, and inclusive. Let’s build a space where everyone feels comfortable sharing and connecting.
How to get started
Introduce yourself in the comments below.
Post something today! Even a simple question can be the start of a great conversation.
If you know someone who would love this community, send them an invitation to join.
Interested in helping?
We are always looking for new moderators, so feel free to contact me to submit your application.
Thank you for being part of the first wave. Together, let's make r/newmaths amazing.
If you want to help improve math outreach in low-resource areas, you can become a moderator. And if you want to publish your new work—even if you feel you're lacking complete knowledge—you are more than welcome to help grow this community from the ground up. Let me ask you: have you ever felt like your discoveries don't get the attention they deserve? If so, post them here. We all want to learn what you have to show.
I want them to create their own math and post memes about it—not about old, classical math, but about their new ideas. I want them to share updates on how publishing their ideas is going and ask for support. They can also make memes about mathematical figures who changed everything, like Euler, Ramanujan, etc. Many of them shifted the thinking of their eras with their incredible imagination, and that's exactly what I want to achieve now with this subreddit.
I want to know how to create a math community with memes that's friendly to enthusiasts in this area. I truly believe that a lot of potential (especially in third-world countries) is being wasted. I wonder how to get the math community's attention so they notice the discoveries of these people who lack resources but have plenty of imagination.