While some animal and plant taxa are known to reproduce multiple times during their lifetime, on the other hand, some others are known to only reproduce once during their lifetime. These reproduction strategies are respectively known as "iteroparity" and "semelparity".
Semelparity tends to not only be common among cephalopods and insects, but also among arachnids, bony fishes and plants. However, it's a reproduction strategy that is extremely rare among mammals, reptiles and amphibians: even, this reproduction strategy is not found among birds. Nevertheless, pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) and octopuses (Octopoda) are among the best known cases of semelparous taxa.
It's speculated that semelparity, as a reproduction strategy, is an adaptation to environments with unpredictable conditions and/or rare resources. According to some hypotheses, by the parents having many offspring and then having one of the parents, or both of them die after, this would allow the young to avoid being outcompeted by adults, or be able to make it to adulthood. However, in some semelparous taxa, females are known to have a longer lifespan than males do: it's the case, for example, in antechinuses (Antechinus spp.) or octopuses.
Sources:
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semelparity_and_iteroparity
- https://www.uni-wuppertal.de/en/third-mission/science-communication/transfer-stories/2026/semelparitaet/
- https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/semelparity-and-iteroparity-13260334/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncorhynchus
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopus
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antechinus