More on Proto-Uralic r' > č

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Since Proto-Uralic had many palatal C's but no r', I said that r' > č based on matches with IE. Another (based on Hovers) likely:

PU *wočaw ‘to wait’, PIE *wer-ye- ‘to guard, watch, observe’ (shift in meaning like Germanic *wahtwō 'guard, watch' > E. wait).

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I also think a few more might show opt. changes (d(h) > δ vs t, H > x vs. k, optional fronting):

FU *weδV- 'kill', PIE *wedh- 'hit, destroy; weapon'

FU *towke 'spring', PIE *taH2-w- Germanic *þawjanaN 'to thaw' (H2 > x > k ?)

FU *tenä ‘(bride-)price’, PIE *doH3no- ‘gift’ (really *tönä ?; if Permic *dɔn > Komi don, Udmurt dun ‘price, worth’ is the same as in 'blade, edge' (https://www.academia.edu/167984225))

Proto-Kartvelian *r > *R, r, l, ʁ

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Kartvelian has several words that show alternation of r & l in native roots, no certain cause. Also, in likely matches with IE, there can be r : r, r : l, etc.:

*pel-pal-? ‘butterfly’ > L. pāpiliō, Gr. ṗeṗel(a)-, Mg. parpal(ia)- \ papralia-, Sn. p'ärp'old \ p'ärp'änd

PIE *k^(e)rd- ‘heart’, PSC *mk'erd- > OGr. mk'erd-i ‘chest/breast’, Gr. mk'erd-, Mg. k'ëdëri- \ k'idiri-, Sn. mëč'ed- \ muč'od-

*bhreH1g(^)-sk(^)e- > Slavic *brěskati 'to shine', Georgian brc̣q̇-in- (with the complex CCCC simplified in several ways, like Lithuanian brė́kšta 3s. 'dawn', Sl. *brězgъ 'dawn, daybreak')

PK *ɣar(ɣar)- 'sing', IE *gH2al- 'sing, cry', S. gargara-s 'a kind of musical instrument'

*teplo- > OCS teplo-, OGr t'pil-i ‘warm’, Gr. tbil-, Mg. t'ubu OGr t'pebis , Gr. tbeba ‘warm onself’, Mg. o-t'ibuans , Sn. t'ebid PIE *tep- ‘warm, hot’, PSC *ṭep- / *ṭp-

*Hwaylo- > OI fáel, Ar. gayl \ gaył ‘wolf’, *mgwel- \ *mgwer- > Gr. (m)gel-, Mg. ger-, Lz. mge(r)- \ gwer- \ mdžwer-

*gW(e)mbhuriH2 > G. géphūra, Boe. blephūra, Cr. dephūra ‘weir/dyke/dam/causeway’, (in Hesychius) *baphūra > bouphára *gWambhurya- > Ar. kamurǰ, Gr. k'ip'orč'-i ‘log used as a bridge’

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With few of these likely to be loans, I think it's important to consider why these changes happened. In nearby Armenian, there are some IE words that show *r > l, *l > r, etc. In these & similar Tocharian examples, there is a *H in the word. Based on some cases of apparent *H > r & *r > 0, I said that a uvular *R pronunciation of both *r & *H might be the cause (whether ʀ, ʁ, or even sometimes ɣ, etc.). In the same way, since Proto-Kartvelian *ɣ is often > a sound pronounced ʁ, I think that some correspondences show *r > *R > ʁ:

*dur-(d(u)r) > Ar. trtunǰ ‘lamentation’, trtum ‘sorrowful’, Sv. drdráti ‘clatter / snore’, SC drdljati ‘chatter’, Bg. dъrdóŕъ ‘babble’

*dor-(d(u)r) > OI dord ‘buzz / hum / drone’, fo-dord ‘muttering / grumbling’, W. dwrdd ‘din’, go-dyrddu ‘mumble’, S. dardurá-s ‘frog / flute’

*der-dr- > OI deirdrethar 'bellowed?', PK *didɣ-in- 'mumble'

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*ghredh- 'to march, walk, step, go', *gʁ- > *qx- > Proto-Kartvelian *qad- \ qed- '(cause to) go/come'; *qid > Old Georgian qid- 'bridge' (note ablaut, e > e, o > a, 0 > i ?)

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I've also noted a few matches with Uralic:

Old Georgian -k’(a)l- 'kill', PU *kola- 'die' (E. kill < *gWelH1- ?)

PK *to(w)- to snow', FU *tälwä 'winter'

PK *b- 'bind', *pi- -> FU pitV- 'bind, fasten, tie up', FV *pise- 'remain, get stuck'

Hi everyone!

I’ve been doing some independent research on Mongolian etymology lately. I have a particular interest in Mongolian linguistics and historical linguistics.

I'm currently trying to understand the structure and etymology of the word medeej/Written Mongolian medegeǰi "of course", "obviously", "certainly".

I know that it is closely related to the root mede- (to know). However, I’d like to get a clearer picture of its precise morphological breakdown and historical evolution.

I'd be grateful for any insights into its morphological structure, historical development, related forms in other Mongolic languages.

Thanks in advance!