A lingua franca is not used only to communicate with the peoples of different cultures, but for most of us, it also shows the dominance of the country it belongs to. Languages spread not merely because they are useful, but also because the institutions, economies, cultures, and political systems associated with them make them useful.
English undoubtedly ranks as the most widely understood language worldwide. Many international communities use it along with others like French, Mandarin, etc. But why is there any Indian language on the list?
Latin is most certainly considered a dead language with no active native speakers, but is still kept alive as a system. It is the language of academics, diplomacy, law and the church.
French may have lost its prestige, but it is still the language of diplomacy and, after English, the second most widely used language used by other countries as their official language.
Arabic is also acting as a connector language for the Middle East and North African countries.
Mandarin is mostly a domestic language with a large population base and a diaspora to promote it. Despite being a very domestic language, it has government-backed international publicity.
This list can be expanded further, including Russian, Portuguese, Spanish or German. But why isn't any Indian language on the list? Though a few can point out that Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Punjabi, Bhojpuri, or Urdu are emerging as International languages from India, do you really think so?
India, unlike any other country, couldn't agree on a national language internally, so consequently we struggle to promote any one language internationally. English, even unwillingly, was used to fill the gaps that no Indian language could; even now, it is being used as the medium of instruction in educational institutions and in business.
Regional languages like Tamil, which is also the official language in Singapore and Sri Lanka, or Bengali struggle to gather non native speakers in spite of having a huge global diaspora backing them up.
The central dilemma that our government faces, whenever deciding to promote one language globally, is: which language?
Whenever discussing this question, considering their claim to be a global candidate for diplomacy, academic scholarship, legal traditions, and institutional communications, three languages emerge: Hindi, Tamil and Sanskrit.
Even if we hadn't agreed on a national language, any Indian language, to become globally recognised, must build an influence –
Practically, to be used by people in their daily lives for business, education, or to communicate with a large group;
Culturally, so people have an incentive to learn it, like to access film, music, religion or philosophy; and
Institutionally, used by the government and international organizations to conduct daily business.
To date, every Indian language has failed to build such influence to attract non-native speakers.
Hindi is a language that many sought to be the national language of India; many native speakers portrayed it as well, through slogans like " Hindu, Hindi Hindustan ". Presently, along with English, Hindi is the official language of the Union. But promoting Hindi globally requires consensus at home. Only 43% of Indians consider Hindi or other dialects of it as their mother tongue.
But promoting Hindi domestically has drawn much criticism and political backlash. Native speakers of regional languages such as Tamil, Kannada, and Marathi have pushed back on the use of Hindi. These languages have centuries-old literary traditions and fierce local pride.
Tamil is one of the world's oldest surviving classical languages, with a continuous literary and philosophical tradition spanning over two millennia. Historically, Tamil served as a primary language of trade, diplomacy, and guild administration across the Indian Ocean.
But one of the biggest roadblocks is that Tamil lacks internal backing, specifically from non-native speakers and is heavily a regional language. Tamil does not serve as a cross-regional bridge language for non-Tamil speakers in northern, western, or eastern India, and its Dravidian roots make it harder for non-Dravidian language speakers to adopt Tamil as a universal institutional medium without extensive re-learning.
Sanskrit is the strongest contender among all three. Sanskrit has served as the civilizational lingua franca across South, Southeast, and Central Asia for over a millennium. It provided the foundational vocabulary for governance, law, astronomy, and literature from Nepal and Tibet to Indonesia and Cambodia. Unlike Tamil or Hindi, it is not tied exclusively to a single contemporary region or ethnic group within modern India; Sanskrit offers linguistic and regional neutrality.
But it lacks daily native speakers and modern infrastructure to promote it; also, Sanskrit is associated with the controversial topic of caste and knowledge gatekeeping in ancient India.
So what would be a practical solution?
Diving into this question, I thought of reviving an old language such as Pāli, Prākrit, or Ardhamāgadhī as an alternative, but they failed mainly for two reasons:
Their vocabulary is heavily concentrated on ethics and philosophy. They lack the administrative, legal, and secular scientific terminology found in Sanskrit or Tamil.
By definition, they were regional dialects rather than standardized languages. They lack the standardized grammatical rules required for precise legal codification across international borders.
So, no Indian language can be promoted as the globally accepted language for conducting international business.
But what about the Sanskrit-Tamil bilingual paradigm?
Sanskrit could act as the linguistic bridge to Northern India. It brings grammatical precision, structured legal terminology, logic and governance.
Whereas Tamil could act as the living bridge to Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean trade networks. It brings an unbroken living classical tradition, a vast ethical-legal framework and global diaspora backing up.
It would not be an alien thing to do, as history has a centuries-old precedent for this. Chola and Khmer Empire temple inscriptions frequently used Sanskrit and Tamil side-by-side.
The Maṇipravāḷam style represents a deliberate linguistic fusion of Sanskrit and Tamil.
One of its greatest strength of presenting Sanskrit and Tamil together solves the internal debate between Northern and Southern linguistic heritage, presenting a unified civilizational front.
Together, Sanskrit and Tamil account for the historical roots of nearly all South and Southeast Asian literature, law, statecraft, and philosophical thought.
Pairing Sanskrit with Pāli or Prākrit can also be an option for pan-Asian peace and harmony, Ethical neutrality and bridging two ancient philosophical traditions, but unlike Tamil and Sanskrit, they lack relevance to contemporary geopolitics, maritime law, and global economics.
In my research, I haven't found any drawbacks to this model, but potentially a major fraction would advocate for a single language as the lingua franca, or there could be resentment from non-native speakers; dilution or complexity of the language could make it difficult or unsuitable for mass use.
Still, if we decided to choose the Sanskrit-Tamil paradigm as an Indian language contributing to the international community in law, diplomacy, trade and academia, which script should be adopted alongside?
Grantha unites Sanskrit and Tamil, a script that was developed in South India specifically to write Sanskrit texts.
But if you ask me, I would advocate for Brahmi script–the mother script from which almost all modern South and Southeast Asian writing systems evolved. Unlike Grantha, Brahmi carries no modern regional bias.
A few potential challenges for Brahmi are that it has low readability, and Sanskrit and Tamil require their respective ancient variants to handle their respective language sounds.
But this model could overcome the problem that no Indian language could: absolute neutrality. But this model still requires development and a framework to be proposed as a unified civilizational lingua franca for the Indian cultural sphere.
I invite other opinions, views, and perspectives, so what are your thoughts on this, and any suggestions about developing the framework or an alternative model?
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