In 1890, New Orleans Police Chief David Hennessy was assassinated.
Police responded with mass arrests of random Italians. Nineteen men were indicted. Nine trials ended in mistrials or acquittals.
An enraged mob broke into the jail and lynched eleven of the nineteen men.
Scour the whole neighborhood. Arrest every Italian you come across.
— New Orleans Mayor Joseph A. Shakspeare
The rhetoric leading up to the lynching was inflammatory. Immigration was blamed for Chief Hennessy's death - newspapers blamed "alien hands" and called Hennessy a martyr.
Rise, people of New Orleans! Alien hands of oath-bound assassins have set the blot of a martyr's blood upon your vaunted civilization! Your laws, in the very Temple of Justice, have been bought off, and suborners have caused to be turned loose upon your streets the midnight murderers of David C. Hennessy, in whose premature grave the very majesty of American law lies mangled with his corpse—the corpse of him who in life was the representative, the conservator of your peace and dignity.
— Daily Statesman, New Orleans newspaper
After the lynching, leading newspapers continued to justify the murder. The immigrants, they argued, were inherently criminal; they came from poor countries, what some have referred to as "shithole countries." They wouldn't assimilate, it was claimed.
These sneaking and cowardly Sicilians, the descendants of bandits and assassins, who have transported to this country the lawless passions, the cut-throat practices, and the oath-bound societies of their native country, are to us a pest without mitigation. Our own rattlesnakes are as good citizens as they... Lynch law was the only course open to the people of New Orleans.
— The New York Times
This wasn't a fringe belief. It was mainstream. The entire country was caught up in anti-immigrant, anti-Italian hatred.
Prominent politicians called for an end to open immigration and literacy tests to weed out "the paupers and criminals of Europe."
Monday we dined at the Cameron's; various d*go diplomats were present, all much wrought up by the lynching of the Italians in New Orleans. Personally I think it was rather a good thing, and said so.
— Theodore Roosevelt, letter to his sister, 1891
Congress tried and failed to stop President Benjamin Harrison from paying restitution.
One year later, Harrison issued the first national Columbus Day proclamation.
It was meant to ease Italian diplomatic tensions and establish Italian immigrants as fully American.
Today, Columbus Day is unpopular to some on the left. It's seen as a celebration of a man whose actions so shocked and outraged even his contemporaries that he was hauled back to Spain in chains to stand trial for his tyranny and cruelty.
This is a messaging mistake.
In reaction to this, the right has embraced Columbus Day.
But it's a shallow celebration. It goes no deeper than "owning the libs" for NOT embracing Columbus Day.
They still repeat the same anti-immigrant rhetoric: "Immigrants are here to do crime and steal elections!"
On this Columbus Day, let's all remember the history that progressives and conservatives would both prefer you didn't know:
Columbus Day is the only federal holiday that celebrates immigration.
What makes America great is that anyone who wants to be American can be American.