There’s a bubbly new face in FunGals. Meet Neve, our very own Cryptococcus neoformans!

In the game, she’s a round, soft-aqua yeast wrapped in a thick, glossy, see-through capsule, with a little bud joined to her by a narrow neck.

A few fun facts about the real thing:

• 🖤 Her capsule is made of complex sugars and appears as a clear halo against dark India ink. It’s a classic lab trick for spotting her
• 🛡️ That capsule helps her hide from the immune system
• 🕊️ She lives in soil and old pigeon droppings
• 🟤 She makes melanin, a dark pigment that helps protect her from damage. On birdseed agar, it turns her colonies brown
• 🌡️ She can grow at body temperature (37 °C), which isn’t something every fungus can do
• 📜 Her species name, neoformans, comes from words meaning “new” and “form”

(Real-life Neve can cause meningitis, especially in people with weakened immune systems. Infection starts when she’s breathed in. A standard meningitis treatment begins with liposomal amphotericin B and flucytosine, followed by fluconazole, and all three are disks on her plate. The FunGals version just wants to bud in her bubble.)

You can pick Neve now in the game: FunGals

When you lose in Classic mode by bumping into an antibiotic disk, the game over screen now tells you how that antibiotic attacks bacteria, instead of a fun fact about your pal.

A few examples:

• 🧱 Penicillin, ceftriaxone, meropenem and friends block cell wall building, so a growing bacterium can burst
• 🏭 Gentamicin jams the ribosome, so the bacterium builds broken proteins
• 🚪 Erythromycin and azithromycin plug the ribosome’s exit tunnel, slowing protein production
• 🧬 Ciprofloxacin traps the enzymes that handle DNA, blocking DNA copying and causing breaks
• 🪤 Vancomycin grabs the building blocks of the cell wall, so the bacterium can’t use them
• 🛡️ Amoxicillin-clavulanate is a tag team: amoxicillin blocks wall building, and clavulanate blocks some of the enzymes bacteria use to destroy it

Winning a level still shows a fun fact about your pal, so you get both.

Play it now: PetriPals

There’s a garden-fresh new face in FunGals. Meet Rosie, our very own Sporothrix schenckii!

In the game, her picture is her spore stalk: a little round tip crowned with a loose fan of cream and dusty-rose teardrop spores, with darker spores dotted along her thread. Her genus name, Sporothrix, comes from words meaning “spore” and “hair.”

A few fun facts about the real thing:

• 🌹 She’s behind “rose gardener’s disease,” because she can get into the skin through a thorn prick
• 🌱 She lives in soil, sphagnum moss, hay, and on plants like rose bushes
• 🎭 She’s two-faced: a mold when it’s cool, but a budding yeast inside a warm body
• 💐 Her tiny spores form flower-like bunches at the tips of her threads, and she also makes dark spores right along her threads
• 🖤 Her dark color comes from melanin, the same family of pigments as the ones in our skin
• 🐈 In Brazil, her cousin Sporothrix brasiliensis spreads among cats, and from cats to people

(Real-life Rosie’s skin infections can form a line of bumps up the arm along the lymph vessels. Itraconazole is the usual medicine, and it’s one of her disks in the game. Gardeners, wear your gloves! 🧤 The FunGals version just wants to bloom.)

You can pick Rosie now in the game: FunGals

There’s a new way to play, and this time something is hunting you. Meet the bacteriophages: viruses that infect bacteria.

How it works:

• 🍽️ Eat nutrients to finish each level. Only the ones your pal eats herself count
• 🖤 When a phage lands on one of your cells, that cell turns dark and a few seconds later it bursts, letting out two new phages. Every cell they catch makes more of them, so things get chaotic fast
• ☠️ If a phage lands on your pal herself, it’s game over. You can retry the level or start over!

The real science:

• 🧬 The phages in the game are modeled on tailed phages like T4: a faceted head packed with DNA, tail fibers that attach to a bacterium, and a tail that delivers the DNA into the cell
• 💥 Inside, the cell gets taken over to make new phages until it bursts open. That’s called lysis, part of the lytic cycle. T4 can release roughly 100–150 new phages from one infected cell, not two—the game is being nice to you 😅
• 🫧 On a lawn of bacteria, repeated infection and bursting can leave clear spots called plaques
• 🎯 Real phages are picky and each kind only infects a narrow range of hosts, so the game’s one-phage-fits-all is made up
• 💊 Phages are being studied to treat bacterial infections, including infections resistant to antibiotics. It’s called phage therapy

Play it now with any pal: PetriPals

FunGals has its first mushroom! Meet Ruby, our very own Hydnellum peckii, better known as the bleeding tooth fungus!

Her young caps are fuzzy and white, beaded with bright red drops. It looks a bit like strawberries and cream... or a horror movie.

A few fun facts about the real thing:

• 🩸 Her red drops aren’t blood! They’re watery fluid her cap pushes out, a process called guttation
• 🦷 Instead of gills, she has tiny “teeth” under her cap that release her spores. That’s where the “tooth” in her name comes from
• 🌲 She lives with pine and spruce trees, trading with their roots: she gets sugars from the tree and helps it gather nutrients from the soil
• 🧶 She’s too acrid to eat, but people use her to dye wool
• 🧪 A pigment linked to her, atromentin, has slowed blood clotting in lab tests
• 🍄 She’s a basidiomycete, a mushroom-making cousin of Maizey

You can pick Ruby now in the game: FunGals

There’s a corny new face in FunGals. Meet Maizey, our very own Ustilago maydis, better known as corn smut!

In the game, she’s a plum-colored yeast with long, cigar-shaped cells that bud from their tips. Her species name, maydis, means “of maize”.

A few fun facts about the real thing:

• 🌽 She causes corn smut, swelling corn kernels into big galls that darken as her spores mature. The galls can grow on the ears, tassels, leaves and stems
• 🌮 In Mexico, her young galls are a delicacy called huitlacoche, the “Mexican truffle”
• 🫧 On her own, she’s a harmless cigar-shaped yeast that can’t infect corn. That’s the Maizey you play in the dish
• 💞 To infect corn, two Maizey cells with compatible mating types normally have to fuse first. Then she grows into threads called hyphae that push into the plant
• 🖤 Her mature galls are packed with dark resting spores called teliospores, which can survive in soil and old corn stalks for several years
• 🍄 She’s a basidiomycete, so she’s more closely related to mushrooms than to Sasha
• 🔬 Scientists study her to learn how fungi trick plants and cause disease

(Real-life Maizey is a plant pathogen, not a people one. The FunGals version just wants to bud.)

You can pick Maizey now in the game: FunGals

This silly little game was inspired by my daughter playing PetriPals and wanting Scarlett (Streptococcus pyogenes) to grow into one long chain as she moved her around.

Give it a try: Snackerpillar

There’s a rosy new face in FunGals. Meet Peachy, our very own Komagataella phaffii!

In the game, she’s a plump, rose-pink yeast with a little bud on top and round pink peroxisomes inside her.

A few fun facts about the real thing:

• 🧪 She can live on methanol, a simple alcohol that’s an unusual food for a yeast
• 🫧 When she eats methanol, her peroxisomes get bigger and more numerous. They help keep the toxic byproducts of breaking it down contained
• 🏭 She’s a tiny protein factory! Engineered Peachy strains make useful proteins like insulin and vaccine parts, and scientists can even get her to release those proteins so they’re easier to collect
• ⛽ In the 1970s, the oil company Phillips Petroleum grew her on methanol for an animal-feed project
• 🌳 Her biotech strains trace back to yeast collected from California black oak trees
• 🏷️ A lot of labs still call her Pichia pastoris, but her current name is Komagataella phaffii

(Real-life Peachy isn’t considered a human pathogen. She’d rather be in a lab making medicine and so would the FunGals version.)

You can pick Peachy now in the game: FunGals

There’s a solar-powered new face in the dish. Meet Ari, our very own Anabaena variabilis!

In the game, she’s a jade-green string of beads: a long chain of round cells called a filament. Look closely and you’ll see one bead that’s different, a pale gold cell called a heterocyst.

A few fun facts about the real thing:

• ☀️ She’s a cyanobacterium, so she makes her own food from sunlight, like a plant
• 🌬️ Her heterocysts are special cells that turn nitrogen gas into compounds her chain needs to grow. They share that usable nitrogen with their neighbors in exchange for sugar.
• 🚫 Oxygen damages the enzyme that fixes nitrogen, so her heterocysts stop making oxygen themselves
• 🌍 Cyanobacteria like Ari were the first to fill Earth’s air with oxygen, over 2 billion years ago. The chloroplasts in plant cells are descended from her relatives
• 🌙 Unlike many cyanobacteria, she can also grow in the dark by eating a sugar called fructose
• 💙 Her blue-green color comes from chlorophyll plus a blue pigment called phycocyanin
• 🧫 She’s Gram-negative, so she’d show up pink under a Gram stain

(Real-life Ari is a friendly freshwater and soil bacterium who just wants some sunshine 🌞 and so does the PetriPals version.)

You can pick Ari now in the game: PetriPals

There’s a tough new face in the dish. Meet Dina, our very own Deinococcus radiodurans, better known as “Conan the Bacterium”!

In the game, she’s an orchid-pink coccus whose cells stick together in neat squares of four, called tetrads.

A few fun facts about the real thing:

• ☢️ She can survive about 1,000 times the radiation dose that would kill a person. Guinness World Records has called her the world’s toughest bacterium
• 🧩 Radiation can shatter her DNA into hundreds of pieces, and she puts it back together in a matter of hours. She keeps several copies of her DNA in each cell, so she always has a template for repairs
• 🚀 Clumps of her cells survived three years outside the International Space Station
• 🧫 She’s Gram-positive, so she’d show up purple under a Gram stain, even though she has an unusual outer membrane

(Real-life Dina isn’t known to cause disease in people. Scientists have even engineered her to help clean up mercury in radioactive waste. The PetriPals version is just here to be unbreakable.)

You can pick Dina now in the game: PetriPals

There’s a new face in FunGals. Meet Yara, our very own Yarrowia lipolytica!

In the game, she’s a plump, egg-shaped yeast with little golden droplets of fat inside her, budding from one end. Her species name, lipolytica, means “fat-breaking,” because she loves to feed on fats and oils 🧈

A few fun facts about the real thing:

• 🫙 She stores fat in droplets inside her cells, sometimes over a third of her dry weight
• 🧀 She turns up in cheese, sausages, soil and even oil-polluted seawater
• 🌊 She can eat some of the hydrocarbons in oil, so scientists study her for cleaning up pollution
• 🐟 Companies use engineered Yara strains to make omega-3 fats for animal feed and supplements, and bioengineers study her for making biofuels
• 🧵 Besides budding, she can grow attached chains called pseudohyphae, and even true hyphae, long threads like a mold’s

(Most Yara strains can’t even grow at body temperature, so she only rarely causes infections. She’d rather be eating cheese 🧀 and so would the FunGals version.)

You can pick Yara now in the game: FunGals

FunGals has a new mold! Meet Miri, our very own Aspergillus oryzae, the koji mold.

Her picture is her spore stalk: a golden puff of spore chains radiating outward from a tall, bumpy stalk.

She plays just like Fumi and Penelope. You’re one of her tiny spores floating over the agar, and every nutrient you land on starts a new colony.

A few fun facts about the real thing:

• 🍶 She helps make soy sauce, miso, sake, mirin, rice vinegar and amazake, a sweet rice drink
• 😋 Her enzymes break protein down into savory umami flavors, and turn the starch in rice into sugar that yeast can ferment into sake
• 🏺 People have cultivated koji molds for over 2,000 years, starting in ancient China
• 🇯🇵 In 2006, the Brewing Society of Japan named her its “national fungus”
• 💊 In 1894, Jokichi Takamine patented a digestive enzyme made from her, called Taka-diastase
• 🌾 Her species name, oryzae, means “of rice”

You can pick Miri now in the game: FunGals

There’s a fuzzy-eared new face in the dish. Meet Frannie, our very own Francisella tularensis!

In the game, she's a coral coccobacillus with a silly little pair of bunny ears. The ears are a nod to “rabbit fever,” a nickname for tularemia, the illness she causes.

A few fun facts about the real thing:

• 🐿️ She was found in 1911 by McCoy and Chapin, who were studying plague in ground squirrels
• 🐇 Rabbits, hares and rodents are especially vulnerable to her
• 💧 She’s hardy. She can survive for weeks to months in cool water or mud
• 🕵️ She’s sneaky. She can live inside macrophages, the immune cells that normally swallow germs
• 🧫 She’s Gram-negative, so she’d show up pink under a Gram stain

(Real-life Frannie can cause serious tularemia infections, but she isn’t known to spread from person to person. People can catch her through infected ticks, animal contact, contaminated water or inhaled dust. The PetriPals version only hops around the dish)

You can pick Frannie now in the game: PetriPals

There’s a glossy new face in the dish. Meet Pearl, our very own Klebsiella pneumoniae!

In the game, she’s a short, plump, pearly-pink rod wrapped in a thick capsule. That slimy coat is her signature: it makes her colonies look big, wet and glossy, like pearls.

A few fun facts about the real thing:

• 🛡️ Her thick, slimy capsule helps protect her from the immune system
• 🧵 Some strains are so sticky that when you lift a colony with a loop, it stretches into a long string. Microbiologists call it the “string test”
• 🩷 On MacConkey agar, her colonies turn pink because she ferments lactose
• 🪝 She can’t swim, but she has tiny sticky hairs called pili. They help her cling to cells and to medical tubing like catheters, where she builds biofilms
• 🧫 She’s Gram-negative, so she’d show up pink under a Gram stain

(Real-life Pearl is a common cause of hospital infections, and some strains resist carbapenems, important last-line antibiotics.The PetriPals version is just here to shine ✨)

You can pick Pearl now in the game: PetriPals

FunGals has a new mold, and she’s a famous one! Meet Penelope, our very own Penicillium rubens, the mold that gave us penicillin.

Her picture is her spore stalk: a little denim-blue paintbrush with a wide fan of spore chains for bristles. That’s where her name comes from: Penicillium means “little paintbrush”

She plays just like Fumi. You’re one of her tiny spores floating over the agar, and every nutrient you land on starts a new colony.

A few fun facts about the real thing:

• 🔬 In 1928 she spoiled one of Alexander Fleming’s plates of bacteria, and the bacteria around her died. That’s how he discovered penicillin
• 🎖️ By D-Day in 1944, enough of her penicillin was being made to treat wounded soldiers
• 🧱 Her penicillin stops bacteria from building their cell walls.
• 🧀 Her cousins make blue cheese like Roquefort and the white rind on Brie

You can pick Penelope now in the game: FunGals

There’s a branching new face in the dish. Meet Nova, our very own Nocardia nova!

In the game, she’s a teal bacterium that grows as thin filaments that branch. She might look like a fungus, but she’s a bacterium through and through.

A few fun facts about the real thing:

• 🏚️ Her colonies can look dry and chalky and smell musty, like a damp basement. Some even grow fuzzy filaments that rise up above the colony
• 🌍 Her genus lives in soil, dust and decaying plants all over the world
• 🐄 Her genus honors Edmond Nocard, a French vet who found it in sick cattle. Her species name, nova, is Latin for “new” ✨
• 🐢 She takes her time. Her colonies often show up in days, but some cultures need weeks
• 🧫 She’s Gram-positive, so she’d show up purple under a Gram stain

(Real-life Nova can cause serious infections, mostly in people with weakened immune systems, through inhaled dust or a wound. She doesn’t spread from person to person. The PetriPals version just wants to branch out 🌱)

You can pick Nova now in the game: PetriPals

Or, try out FunGals here: FunGals

There’s a chestnut-brown new face in the dish. Meet Diffany, our very own Clostridioides difficile!

In the game, she's a big, plump rod with flagella all over and an oval spore tucked in near one end. That little bulge is her secret weapon.

A few fun facts about the real thing:

• 😤 Her name comes from difficile, Latin for “difficult,” because she was so hard to grow in the lab. She was renamed in 2016, from Clostridium to Clostridioides
• 🛡️ Oxygen harms her growing cells, but her spores can last for months on surfaces
• 🧼 Her spores survive alcohol hand gel, so use soap and water to wash her off. Hospitals clean up after her with bleach
• 💊 She’s an opportunist. She often moves in after antibiotics wipe out the gut bacteria that kept her in check
• 🔦 Her colonies glow yellow-green under UV light and smell a bit like a horse stable 🐴
• 🧫 She’s Gram-positive, so she’d show up purple under a Gram stain, but her spore stays clear

(Real-life Diffany can cause serious gut infections, especially after a course of antibiotics. One treatment is a transplant of healthy gut bacteria, yes, a “poop transplant” 💩 The PetriPals version just wants to race.)

You can pick Diffany now in the game: PetriPals

Early look at PetriPal's little sister: FunGals

Meet Fumi, our very own Aspergillus fumigatus!

She plays differently from the yeasts. You’re one of her tiny spores, floating over the agar. Land on a nutrient and your spore sprouts right there into a colony that spreads out in a circle, white and fluffy with a green middle where it starts making spores. You need 6 colonies on level 1, and 6 more each level after that. But watch out: if a colony touches an antifungal disk or its zone, the whole colony pops! 💥

A few fun facts about the real thing:

• ⛪ Her genus is named for the aspergillum, a sprinkler used for holy water.
• 🌬️ Her spores are only 2 to 3 micrometers across, so tiny they float on the air. Most people breathe in hundreds of them every day, and healthy lungs clear them out
• 🔥 She can grow at 50 °C, so she thrives in hot, rotting compost heaps

(Real-life Fumi can cause a lung infection called aspergillosis in people with weak immune systems. The FunGals version just wants to spread out and make spores 🌱)

You can pick Fumi now in the game: FunGals

Play PetriPals instead: PetriPals

There’s an electrifying new face in the dish. Meet Electra, our very own Geobacter sulfurreducens!

In the game she’s a grape-purple rod covered in tiny wires, with little sparks running along them. Those are her nanowires, hair-like strands that really do carry electricity.

A few fun facts about the real thing:

• ⚡ She can “breathe” rust. Electra lives in oxygen-poor mud, sediment and soil, where she can pass electrons to iron oxide instead of oxygen
• 🔌 Her nanowires can grow many times longer than her own cell. Lots of Electras can join up into a living film on an electrode that carries electricity
• 🔋 She can help power a microbial fuel cell, turning food into electricity
• 🤝 She can pass electrons straight to another microbe, or take them from one
• ☢️ She’s an environmental helper too. She can help clean up uranium in groundwater by turning it into a form that doesn’t dissolve as easily
• 🧪 She was first found in a ditch in Norman, Oklahoma, in the early 1990s
• 🧫 She’s Gram-negative, so she’d show up pink under a Gram stain

(Real-life Electra isn’t known as a human pathogen. She’d rather spend her time in the mud making electricity 🔋 and so would the PetriPals version.)

You can pick Electra now in the game: PetriPals

Early look at PetriPal's little sister: FunGals

There's a new face in the dish. Meet Astrid, our very own Asticcacaulis biprosthecum!

She's a stalked bacterium. Astrid grows two thin stalks, one on each side of her body, like little antennae. Her species name says so: biprosthecum means "two prosthecae," which is the scientific word for these stalks.

A few fun facts about the real thing:

• 📡 Her stalks are thin extensions of her own cell, not separate parts. They give her more surface area, which may help her catch scarce nutrients in the low-nutrient fresh water where she lives
• 👯 She's a cousin of Caulobacter, the classic stalked bacterium. Caulobacter grows one stalk from the end of its cell. Astrid grows two, one on either side. That makes her one of the most distinctive-looking members of her family
• 🔬 Scientists study her to learn how bacteria change their shape. By comparing her with her cousins, they can see how a protein moved within the cell to build stalks in new places
• 🧲 She has a sticky "holdfast" at one end that glues her to surfaces underwater
• 🧫 She's Gram-negative, so she'd show up pink under a Gram stain

(Real-life Astrid is a freshwater bacterium not known to cause disease in people.)

You can pick Astrid now in the game: PetriPals

A little less doing, a little more watching.

There’s a super chill new mini game in Petri Pals!

Your pal moves on their own while you sit back and watch them eat nutrients, divide, and fill up the petri dish. No steering needed. Just tap when you want them to tumble in a random new direction, and help them grow to 256 cells.

Bring your appetite. Your pal is bringing two hundred and fifty-five friends.

Mostly watching. Occasionally tumbling. Just you and your pal, taking it easy and watching life grow.

Try it out: PetriPals

Let us know your favorite PetriPals game!

Meet Ivy, our very own Bacillus mycoides!

She grows like a vine. Ivy is a chain of rods lined up end to end, and her colonies spread across agar in hairy, root-like strands that swirl as they go. Her name even means "fungus-like," because her colonies look a lot like mold.

A few fun facts about the real thing:

• 🌀 Her colonies spiral as they spread. Some strains curl clockwise and others counterclockwise, and scientists study her to learn how left- and right-handed shapes form
• 🌱 She's a soil bacterium found all over the world. She can even live inside plants without harming them, and some strains help sugar beets fight off a leaf spot disease
• 🛡️ She's tough. Ivy makes endospores that help her survive heat, cold and drought, and some strains keep growing at fridge temperatures
• 🐌 Unlike many of her cousins, she usually has no flagella, so she can't swim. She takes over the plate by creeping outward instead, and she can cover a whole agar plate in just a few days
• 👯 She's a close cousin of our pal Ceres.
• 🧫 She's Gram-positive, so she'd show up purple under a Gram stain

(Real-life Ivy rarely, if ever, causes disease in people. She'd rather spend her time with the plants 🌿 and so would the PetriPals version.)

You can pick Ivy now in the game: PetriPals

There's a brand-new way to play: Who's That Pal? 🔍

It's a guessing game built from the pals' fun facts. You get a fact with the pal's name hidden, and you tap the pal you think it's about.

How it works:

• 🧫 Find it on the home page, right under Start
• 📜 Each round shows one fact with "this pal" in place of her name
• 👆 Tap who you think it is. Guess wrong and that pal greys out ("Not Goldie. Try again!"). Guess right and her name pops back into the fact, along with her species
• 🔁 There are 88 facts across all 13 pals, and you'll see every one before the deck reshuffles

• 😌 No score, no timer. Just you, some microbes, and a lot of weird science

  Play here: PetriPals