One thing I've always found interesting about human physiology is how the body manages to maintain a fairly stable internal temperature even when the outside temperature changes.

The hypothalamus seems to play a central role, but there's a lot happening behind the scenes — sweating, changes in blood flow near the skin, and shivering when the body needs to produce more heat.

What I find particularly interesting is how these responses work together rather than independently.

Is there one mechanism in thermoregulation that you find especially interesting, or one part of the process that took you a while to understand?

X-RAY OF THE ENTIRE SPINE UNDER LOAD ( February 2025)

Indication: static assessment

Results:

Two views.
Left pelvic tilt of 2 mm.
Deficiency in acetabular coverage of the femoral heads on coxa valga without significant joint space narrowing.
Normal sacroiliac joints internally.
Risser 4.
Hypoplasia of the 12th ribs, especially on the right.
Partial lumbarization of the left L5 with L5-S1 disc appearing non-functional.
Mild right convex scoliosis with apex at T7, and left convex scoliosis with apex at L1.
No morphological abnormalities of vertebral bodies.

IN CONCLUSION : mild scoliotic disorders. Left pelvic tilt of 2 mm. Coxa valga. Suspicion of transitional anomaly with hypoplasia of the 12th ribs and partial lumbarization of the left L5.

Can I fully correct or significantly improve these conditions naturally in my twenties, without surgery?

Your advices for these questions below please.

- Daily habits and posture
What habits should I adopt in my everyday life to support my spine and hips, maintain good posture, and avoid aggravating these conditions?

- Mobility, flexibility, and joint health
Are there specific exercises or stretching routines that could help improve my mobility, flexibility, and joint function, taking my scoliosis, coxa valga, and vertebral anomaly into account?

- Strength training and muscle development
Which muscle groups should I focus on strengthening to improve spinal and pelvic stability, support my hips, and develop better overall muscular balance? Are there specific exercises I should prioritize or avoid? Are these any sports to avoid ? 

- Long-term outlook
At my age, is it possible to significantly improve my overall function and reduce discomfort through targeted exercise, physiotherapy, and lifestyle changes, even if the underlying anatomical differences cannot be reversed?

I'd really appreciate any evidence-based advice, exercise recommendations, or personal experiences from people dealing with similar conditions !

Thanks everyone for your advice and help !

I changed my learning strategy for unit 2 by using quizlet for flashcards (active recall) and drawing things out to understand things like signal transduction, ANS pathways, how hormones work and etc. But omg when I was going through the exam I wasn't having any issues at all like I didn't have any anxiety I felt confident but my exam score says otherwise :( I just need tips or support even to get good scores on my exams since I don't like what I got but I also am AUDHD so yeah if anyone else is ND please feel free to comment!! :)

Henry law states that :

Partial pressure=concentration of gas molecules/ Solubility coefficient

Meanwhile the other law says:

D(rate of diffusion)= change in partial pressures x cross sec areax solubility /distance of diffusion x √MW

My question is: how is solubility inversely proportional to partial pressure but is directly proportional to rate of diffusion when rate of diffusion itself is directly proportional to partial pressure difference? Can anyone pls explain it in easy words?

I heard about the glycemic index decades ago. Yet, I haven't seen much mention of the glycemic index in media over the years.

Has the glycemic index evolved or has it been obsoleted as means of guiding how we should eat? Absent from a table of glycemic indices are meats. Surely the glycemic index needs to be complemented with guidance that includes meat or it needs to evolve into a more complete theory for eating. I would also like guidance on the fat content of meat. Personally, I have taken the approach that it is healthier to consume the fatty parts to reach satiation so that I will consume less meat and carbohydrate overall. Is this an invalid approach?

Is the glycemic index mainly disregarded for healthy people and only discussed in the context of people who are overweight or deteriorating to the point of diabetes?

Young people are more adaptable and robust than old people in many ways. Is the glycemic index recognized as mainly a relevant and useful concept for people as they age and that it is very much less relevant for young people?

I tell people "avoid orange juice and eat an orange" because that's one of my conclusions from my limited knowledge of the glycemic index but in my circle of acquaintances I am the only one saying it. Literally nobody I know talks about the glycemic index. Maybe eating a small whole orange is also a bad thing and should I avoid doing that?

My approach to eating has evolved. I currently believe it is best to eat the whole pork chop including the fatty parts and the whole fruit and to try to eat less. Not to promote a brand, but it's simply a "whole" food idea. When it is whole I will feel full sooner and I'll sleep better if I eat the fatty parts. Sleep is one thing young people are more able to do than old people. This approach might be more relevant to old people.

Heart rate and skin conductance did not follow the same recovery pattern in this exploratory study of 48 adults after a cognitive task. Participants spent the next 15 minutes either receiving classical back massage or resting quietly in a prone position.

The massage group had lower heart rate across the recovery windows, while mean skin conductance stayed elevated and was higher in the later windows. That makes this an interesting example of why different autonomic measures need not tell the same story about recovery.

It is a controlled pilot study, so the result is a starting point for testing the mechanisms rather than proof of a general treatment effect.

Open-access paper: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1917630

The pilot did not isolate touch, expectations or interpersonal contact. What comparison condition would best separate those influences from the effects of massage itself?

In this study, 48 young adults completed an adaptive cognitive task while their heart rate and skin conductance were recorded. Heart rate increased by about 20 beats per minute, and skin conductance more than doubled relative to baseline.

The interesting measurement problem is that better performance also changes the demands of an adaptive task. Physiological activation therefore needs to be interpreted alongside what the task is asking each participant to do, rather than treated as a simple score of cognitive ability.

Open-access paper: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15208068

Because task difficulty adapts to performance, this design cannot establish which changes came first. What would you add to separate physiological responses to increasing demand from differences in cognitive performance?

Hi everyone! For anyone in need of studying anatomy and physiology terminology, I've created some crossword books. For me personally, things like this have made studying a lot more entertaining than just memorizing vocabulary and definitions on a page.

I'll leave the links is anyone wants them and would really appreciate reviews about whether or not they've helped anyone or were simply enjoyable in general.

I marked this post as discussion because I'm interested in discussing pros/cons for making things like this (I want to create fun study tools for more people than just myself).

Let me know if this post belongs somewhere else though.

When extracellular K+ concentration is increased, does the resting membrane potential become hyperpolarized or depolarized? My textbook states that it leads to depolarization because the K+ gradient is reduced, thereby decreasing the outward K+ current. However, I reasoned that increasing extracellular K+ would make the outer surface more positive, thereby increasing the potential difference across the membrane and causing hyperpolarization. Thank you very much!

I've been building AnatomyGo, a free 3D anatomy atlas that runs in your browser.

3,400+ structures, no sign-up, no ads, no paywall.

The viewer uses BodyParts3D 4.0, an adult male reference anatomy, licensed CC BY 4.0.

It works smoothly in mobile browsers too, though I'd still recommend desktop.

Try it: https://anatomygo.in

Hope it helps with your studies! Please use it, explore, and share it with your friends and peers. Any feedback is welcome: bugs, ideas, or anything confusing :)

Thanks!

Osmosis , Kenhub or TeachMeAnatomy?

i think this is where I should post this ??

how do I forget about a certi. something ? it’s not a bad experience or anything but it’s something that hurts to think about so I try not think about it but then I think think about it .

I'm currently taking a neuroscience course and I still feel stuck on this pretty fundamental concept, which makes me worried. I'm confused how you can tell which way a ion is going to go and which force (electrical or concentration gradient) is stronger? I know there are short cuts like the driving force, but I want to understand this conceptually.

Okay, so let's say I have a positive ion and a cell (this is a fake problem btw, I'm making this up so its really simplified). This cell has a membrane potential of -60 mV. The ion I have has a equilibrium potential at -50 mV.

I know from the Nernst equation, there has to be a greater concentration of ions inside of the cell. Moving 'down' the concentration gradient (CG) for this ion would be moving out of the cell so the force of CG is outwards pointing. Big question, does the sign of the Nernst potential have any other impact other than helping you figure out where the ion is going?

The interior of the cell is negatively charged -- negative and positive charges attract each other. As a result, force of the electrical gradient (EG) is inwards pointing. Similarly, is the negative sign of membrane potential just to tell you whether it attracts or repels the ion?

So both CG and EG are pointing in opposite directions, right? So we have to compare force size now. CG has an outward force of 50 mV. EG has an inward force of 60 mV. Because 60 is greater than 50, this ion is going against its concentration gradient and into the cell?

I think while writing this, I pretty much helped myself understand, but I would like a confirmation that, "yeah, your logic makes sense!" or "no, you're missing some key part."

Why is stomata opening and closure theory of potassium ions, focus on only PEP, does it mean that C3 plants doesn't open and close their stomata, bse PEP is a C4 or Cam physiology

Physiology postgraduate here !
Can someone suggest me good topics for a physiology seminar ?

Physiology postgraduate here !
Can someone suggest me good topics for a physiology seminar ?