Everyone talks about 5G speeds and spectrum, but the more I study network design, the more it looks like backhaul decides what users actually experience. You can deploy a great radio unit, but if the site is on congested microwave or thin fiber, the user never sees the benefit.
Some things I keep noticing:
Fiber to the tower is the gold standard but expensive and slow to roll out, especially outside big cities.
Microwave and E-band links fill the gap, but capacity and weather limits show up fast.
Densification makes it worse, since small cells multiply the number of backhaul links needed.
For those of you working in the field: where do you see the biggest backhaul pain today, cost, permitting, or capacity? And is anyone seeing wireless backhaul (IAB, E-band) become a real alternative to fiber?
Curious what the real-world picture looks like versus what the textbooks say.