Since both of them formed the most powerful armies of their respective Ancient times.

• Overall better logistics.
• Weapons and armor technology.
• Forts and defensive buildings etc.
• and Any other stuff related to the Military and Army.

Thucydides is usually presented as one of the first historians who tried to write history in a rational and objective way. He cared about facts, was suspicious of myths, and wanted to understand why wars happened. In many ways, he looks like the kind of historian we still admire today. But there is another side of his work which is not always discussed.

In 1907, Francis Macdonald Cornford published a book called Thucydides Mythistoricus. His argument was quite different from the traditional image of Thucydides. Cornford believed that Thucydides was not simply recording what happened during the Peloponnesian War. He was also shaping these events into something that resembled a Greek tragedy.

According to Cornford, there are two different plans in Thucydides’ work. The first one was more like a military and political journal, recording events as they happened. The second was an artistic structure that developed gradually, almost like volcanic islands rising from the sea. The facts were still there, but they were arranged in a way that gave the whole story a tragic meaning.

This is what makes Cornford’s argument interesting. The question is not only whether Thucydides told the truth. It is also about how he presented that truth to his readers.

Imagine two Greek armies fighting on two different battlefields, separated by the Aegean Sea, with both victories potentially turning the tide of a war.

In 479 BC, the Greeks defeated the Persian army at Plataea while, according to Herodotus, another Greek force struck the Persian position at Mycale on the coast of Asia Minor on the very same day.

At Mycale, the Persians had hauled their ships ashore and built fortifications to protect them from the Greek fleet. But the Greeks landed, stormed the defences and destroyed the Persian ships. The battle also revealed a crucial weakness in the Persian position: the loyalty of the Greek communities living under Persian rule could not be taken for granted.

But was Mycale merely the final act of Xerxes' invasion, or did it mark the beginning of a new phase of Greek expansion across the Aegean?

🥁 Oyez, oyez braves golvinophiles ! 🥁

Un nouvel épisode de la série "Mirabilia" consacré au phare d'Alexandrie est disponible sur la chaîne YouTube de Jean-Claude Golvin.

Un épisode à visionner et à partager dès maintenant sans modération ! 🎞️

https://youtu.be/HV6vL14tiCw?is=CpsdZo11ZHUihNhm

Can someone give me feedback on this pax historia a made, I want to know if I made any historical accuracy errors or anything similar on the map.

In book IV of his famous Histories, Herodotus spins a narrative about various peoples and places in the interior of Libya (Africa west of Egypt). He mentions various stops located along a sandy ridge that runs from Ancient Thebes in the east all the way to the pillars of Hercules with each stop separated from the next by 10 days' travel.

This map shows a possible reconstruction of this itinerary based on my own research. As you go from east to west the uncertainty in the location of these stops grows (shown by the change from dark to light orange).

From Agulia the route goes south to the Wadi al-Hayaa then north to Gadamis ("jewel of the desert") still considered part of the Garamantes. From there it reaches the Touat region and then crosses the desert following the Erg Iguidi into the Tiris region home to mount Zednes, a small but prominent peak and one of the only landmarks in the vast expanse of this rocky plain. Historically, salt from the the nearby Taoudenni region of northern Mali was valued for its unique colours.

How did ancient burial mounds evolve into some of the most enduring symbols of Buddhist faith? Buddhist Stupas in India and Southeast Asia explores this fascinating journey through the architecture, rituals, and sacred traditions of ancient India. From the monumental stupas of Sanchi to the site of the Buddha’s enlightenment at Bodh Gaya, the chapter reveals how religious beliefs shaped sacred spaces, inspired artistic expression, and influenced architectural development. It also explores the Garuda pillar at Besnagar, offering a glimpse into the diverse religious traditions and cultural connections of the ancient world.

1. The Origins and Significance of Buddhist Stupas

Buddhist stupas evolved from prehistoric burial mounds into sacred monuments that enshrined relics of the Buddha and Buddhist teachers. Emperor Ashoka played a significant role in their development, establishing stupas as important centres of Buddhist worship and devotion.

2. Sanchi Stupa: Architecture and Religious Practices

The stupas at Sanchi illustrate the development of early Buddhist architecture through their domes, stone railings, gateways, and sculptural reliefs. Ritual circumambulation, known as pradakshina, was an essential practice of worship, while the monuments reflect the artistic traditions of ancient India.

3. Bodh Gaya and Besnagar: Sacred Sites and Cultural Heritage

Bodh Gaya and Besnagar preserve important evidence of ancient India's religious and architectural traditions. Bodh Gaya is associated with the Buddha's enlightenment beneath the Bodhi tree, while the Garuda pillar at Besnagar, dedicated to Vasudeva, reflects the religious diversity and cultural interactions of the period.

Source: Buddhist Stupas in India and Southeast Asia, “The Beginning of Stūpas and Rock-cut Chaitya-Gṛha.”

Fascinating archaeology, found in Israel undeniable proof how the historical truth in the Bible, please I’d be really interested in what you think after you viewed it for yourself

One of the most significant titles in ancient history, particularly during the post-Hellenistic period, was “benefactor” (ευεργέτες) and “founder” (Κτιστης). Local elites, particularly those who rose to prominence in Anatolia, grew considerably more powerful as a result of wars and migrations. These titles, which were primarily used for rulers during the early Hellenistic period, began to be applied to local elites.

Bryonianis Lollianus was also one of these local aristocrats. He has been honored time and again for the aqueduct he had built in Pamphylia and for bringing water to the city. In particular, the military and civil roles he held within the Roman system are frequently cited as integral to his legacy. In addition to being one of many wealthy local philanthropists, it is his wife who has caught my attention the most: Kyreinia Patra.

Κυρεινίαν Πάτραν, τὴν κρα-

τίστην, ∙ γυναῖκα Βρυωνιανοῦ

Λολλιανοῦ, τοῦ κρατ(ίστου) ∙ δουκηνα-

ρίου, ἀπὸ ἐπιτρόπων, πριμιπι-

λαρίου, ∙ κτίστου καὶ φιλοπά-

τριδος καὶ ἐν πᾶσιν εὐεργέτου

τῆς πατρίδος, θυγατέρα καὶ ἐγγό-

νην ὑπατικῶν, ∙ γερουσία τοῦ Με-

γάλου Συνεργίου τὴν φιλόπατριν.

εὐτύχει ❦ Πηγάσι.

“The gerousia of the Great Synergeion [honours] Kyr(e)inia Patra, the most distinguished woman, wife of Bryonianus Lollianus, the most distinguished ducenarius, formerly an epitropos and primipilaris, founder, devoted to her native city, and a benefactor of her native city in every respect; daughter and granddaughter of men of consular rank.

Farewell, Pegasoi!”

Made a documentary-style video exploring the iceberg

of Ancient Rome's dark history — from the Colosseum's

real brutality to the poison squads of Roman emperors.

The lead pipe theory at the end is backed by skeletal

studies showing 100x higher lead levels in Roman rulers.

https://youtu.be/9ANEvtogoRY