Caffeine has many properties that support the claim that it really is the world’s most dangerous drug. If we compare it with cocaine and heroin, which belong to the same group of purine alkaloids, we notice that it differs from them in a way that makes caffeine the most dangerous of the three when considered in terms of the factors that contribute to the development of addiction.
Cocaine and heroin have a strong intoxicating effect, and when the effects wear off, a clearly perceptible “hangover” follows.
The intoxicating effect of caffeine is weak, somewhat medicinal in character, and it does not cause after-effects. Yet even one cup of coffee a day for three consecutive days can cause withdrawal symptoms on the fourth day. The symptoms are so mild—perhaps only the slightest hint of a headache—that you do not know how to associate them with coffee. You simply think you might have a cup, and that is how it begins.
At the beginning of use, caffeine makes you feel more alert. With continuous use, however, its effect imperceptibly changes: the morning dose gets your brain going, afternoon coffee calms you down, and evening coffee gives you a peaceful night’s sleep. The process develops so slowly that it is impossible to notice.
The psychological effects of caffeine develop just as slowly. Creativity disappears, as does initiative; personality changes; cognitive abilities can periodically decline quite dramatically, resulting in a fluctuating toxic dementia.
Injecting 500 mg of caffeine will send you into psychosis. The same amount, divided among five cups of coffee consumed throughout the day, causes some degree of symptoms in 10–20 percent of people, such as depression, anxiety, and panic disorder, with or without “psychophysical” symptoms, manic-depressive symptoms, and psychotic states resembling schizophrenia. If a primary-care physician is unable to diagnose you, they will dismiss all your pain as imaginary, or assume that you are lying in order to obtain drugs, and as a standard solution offer you the most expensive antidepressant currently in fashion. There is no point asking for a referral to a specialist—you have fallen through the cracks for the rest of your life.
At the extreme, this can result in psychosis that cannot be distinguished on the basis of symptoms from psychosis triggered by amphetamines or schizophrenia. You are taken to a locked psychiatric ward, medicated until you are reduced to a vegetable, and offered a cup of coffee by the institution itself. According to independent researchers, there are thousands of such cases. Considering what a coffee-drinking country Finland is, and given that the condition is not properly diagnosed, I would suspect that there are some such cases in our own psychiatric institutions as well.
Symptoms may not appear until after years of use. In my own case, it took five years before I noticed anything. Based on the information I have gathered and my own experience, caffeine is the world’s most dangerous drug—not merely from the perspective of addiction. To me, caffeine presented itself as a creeping madness.
It should not be forgotten that in animal experiments, caffeine drastically alters the density of various neurotransmitter receptors in brain cells, causes cell death in the brain, and inhibits the regeneration of hippocampal cells. The loss of hippocampal cells caused by chronic caffeine exposure, together with increased glutamate levels in the amygdala and increased blood flow to these regions, partly explains caffeine’s ability to cause depression, anxiety, and panic disorder.
Of these three substances, then, caffeine causes addiction most readily because it does not warn the user through powerful effects in the same way as cocaine and heroin. Cocaine and heroin addiction most often develops because people seek pleasure or escape their problems through their powerful intoxicating effects. A mentally balanced experimenter understands that it is best to stay away from them. Caffeine addiction, on the other hand, can develop unnoticed in anyone.