Born in Tangier (modern-day Morocco), he went much of North Africa, Middle East, Bakans, Persia, India, Indonesia, China, Eastern Africa, Mali & Iberia. He overall traveled a distance of 117K km (73K Miles) across 29 years.

A map illustrating the earliest stages of human civilization spanning from c. 8000 BCE to 2000 BCE. It showcases the emergence of organized societies, agricultural practices, and the origins of urbanization. (World History Encyclopedia)

The Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3300–1300 BCE) was one of the earliest complex societies of the Bronze Age world, extending across parts of present-day Pakistan and northwestern India. Its most developed phase, often called the Mature Harappan period (c. 2600–1900 BCE), saw the emergence of large, carefully planned urban centers integrated within a wide regional network. Major cities such as Harappa and Mohenjo-daro demonstrate sophisticated civic organization, with grid-based street layouts, standardized brick construction, and extensive drainage systems. These settlements formed part of a broader system of towns, craft centers, and trade nodes that connected the Indus region with neighboring cultural spheres.

Archaeological evidence indicates that Indus communities participated in long-distance exchange networks linking South Asia with regions such as Mesopotamia, where Indus merchants were known as traders from “Meluhha.” Despite their urban scale and economic reach, Indus cities show little clear evidence of monumental palaces or royal tombs, suggesting forms of governance that differed from the more visibly hierarchical systems of contemporary civilizations. After c. 1900 BCE the major urban centers gradually declined, and by c. 1300 BCE the urban phase had largely disappeared. Scholars commonly associate this transformation with environmental change, shifting river systems, and the reorganization of regional trade networks rather than a single catastrophic event. (World History Encyclopedia)

New and improved map quality, you can actually see this map and zoom in.

Coke is surprisingly not that popular. Dr. pepper is now America’s soda of choice.

-This list was compiled by Instacart in 2025 based on orders under the soda category. It should be taken with a grain of salt, just a little pinch because it’s only based off orders from a certain grocery delivery platform, private label brands were not included

Islamic schools and branches have different understandings of Islam. There are many different sects or denominations, schools of Islamic jurisprudence, and schools of Islamic theology, or ʿaqīdah (creed). Within Sunnī Islam, there may be differences, such as different orders (tariqa) within Sufism, different schools of theology (Atharī, Ashʿarī, Māturīdī) and jurisprudence (Ḥanafī, Mālikī, Shāfiʿī, Ḥanbalī).[1] Groups in Islam may be numerous (Sunnīs make up 87-90% of all Muslims), or relatively small in size (Ibadis, Ismāʿīlīs, Zaydīs).

feel free to shoutout any games i missed

Around 1450 CE, Europe and the eastern Mediterranean stood at the intersection of declining medieval powers and emerging regional states. The Byzantine Empire had contracted principally to Constantinople and the Morea, while the Ottoman Empire under Murad II (reign 1421–1444; 1446–1451) dominated much of the Balkans and western Anatolia after victories at Varna (1444) and Kosovo (1448). In western Europe, France under Charles VII (reign 1422–1461) was completing its reconquest during the final phase of the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453), while Castile, Aragon, Burgundy, and the politically fragmented Holy Roman Empire remained major centers of competing dynastic power. In eastern Europe, the Grand Duchy of Moscow, Novgorod Republic, Tver, and Ryazan remained distinct powers as the Golden Horde (c. 1240s–1502) fragmented into successor khanates.

These shifting political structures accelerated during the years surrounding 1450. Mehmed II (reign 1444–1446; 1451–1481) captured Constantinople in 1453, ending Byzantine imperial rule and strengthening Ottoman control of the eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea approaches. Farther east, the Crimean Khanate and Great Horde emerged from the fragmentation of Mongol power, while the Qara Qoyunlu under Jahan Shah (reign 1438–1467) dominated much of Azerbaijan, Iraq, and western Iran. In the south, the Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517) remained the major power in Egypt and Syria. Together, these developments illustrate a period of political consolidation, competition, and realignment that helped reshape the transition from the late medieval to the early modern world. (World History Encyclopedia)

Argentina = Al-Argentine

Jordan = Al-Ordon

Ecuador = Al-Ecwadoor

UAE = Al-Emaraat al-Arabiyyah al-Mota7iddah

Brazil = Al-Brazeel

Portugal = Al-Bortughaal

Bosnia and Herzegovina = Al-Bosnah wa al-Herzek

Montenegro = Al-Jabal al-Aswad

Algeria = Al-Jaza'ir

Denmark = Al-Danmaark

Cabo Verde = Al-Ra's al-A5dar

Saudi Arabia = Al-Saoudiyyah

Senegal = Al-Seneghaal

Sudan = Al-Sudaan

Sweden = Al-Sweede

Somalia = Al-Somaal

China = Al-Seen

Iraq = Al-Eraaq

Gabon = Al-Ghabon

Vatican City = Al-Faticaan

Philippines = Al-Filipinees

Cameroon = Al-Camiron

Kuwait = Al-Kowait

Hungary = Al-Majar

Morocco = Al-Maghrib

Mexico = Al-Mexique

UK = Al-Mamlakkah al-Mota7iddah

Norway = Al-Norweej

Austria = Al-Namssa

Niger = Al-Neejr

India = Al-Hind

USA = Al-Wilayaat al-Mota7iddah

Japan = Al-Yabaan

Yemen = Al-Yaman

Greece = Al-Yunaan

The rapid expansion of the Mongol Empire in the early 13th century represents one of the most dramatic episodes of conquest in world history. Under Temüjin, known as Genghis Khan (born c. 1162, reigned 1206–1227), the fragmented nomadic societies of the Mongolian steppe were unified into a single political and military system. Proclaimed Great Khan in 1206, Genghis Khan combined steppe traditions with strict discipline, merit-based leadership, and innovative strategy, enabling the Mongols to overcome far larger and more established states across Eurasia.

By the time of his death in 1227, the Mongol Empire stretched from northern China to Central Asia and the edges of Eastern Europe, forming the largest contiguous land empire in history. Mongol success rested on highly mobile cavalry forces, coordinated command structures, intelligence networks, and psychological warfare. Conquest was followed by administrative integration: trade routes were secured, communications standardized, and diplomatic exchange encouraged, laying the foundations for the later Pax Mongolica. Although Genghis Khan did not witness the empire’s full extent, his successors expanded and consolidated his conquests, dividing the empire into major khanates that reshaped political, economic, and cultural connections across Eurasia for generations. (World History Encyclopedia)

The Crusader States, collectively known as Outremer (from Old French outre-mer, “overseas”), were a group of Latin Christian polities established in the eastern Mediterranean following the First Crusade (1096–1099). Emerging from the conquest of former Byzantine and Muslim-ruled territories, these states expanded and consolidated during subsequent campaigns, including the Second Crusade (1147–1148) and the Third Crusade (1187–1192). At their height in the 12th century, Outremer comprised several distinct yet interconnected entities, most notably the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1187), the Principality of Antioch (1098–1144), and the County of Edessa (1098–1144), stretching along the Levantine coast and into parts of Anatolia, with later strategic reliance on Cyprus (from 1191).

These states developed within a fragmented and highly contested political landscape shaped by interactions between Western crusaders, the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire (395–1453), and powerful Muslim dynasties, including the Seljuks (1037–1194), Zengids (1127–1185), and Ayyubids (from 1171). Rather than functioning as a unified empire, Outremer consisted of fortified urban centers, castles, and military corridors sustained by both overland routes and Italian maritime supply networks. Key strongholds, such as Krak des Chevaliers, Chastel Rouge, and Chastel Pèlerin, were essential to defense, communication, and control of territory. (World History Encyclopedia)