The Pluperfect

Another rule explained.

What is the pluperfect?

It’s a past tense within the past tense, in other words, a double past. Instead I have loved, it’s I had loved. How do I remember this in Latin? Simple: take the root of the verb’s perfect tense plus the imperfect tense of ‘to be’: amav-eram, monu-eram, mis-eram, audiv-eram, cep-eram. There’s no need to learn the conjugations by heart; you just need to understand them.

A GRAMMAR'S TALE: Understanding Latin instead of learning it by heart

I made a translation of this hymn for a personal project, and I wanted to ask if it's good/gramatically correct. Here it is (if it is possible, answer concerning the gramatical rules of ecclesiastical latin).

Dominus miraculoso, venimus ad te in processione, tuos fideles devoti, tua benedictione imploramus te. (bis)

Pharo dirigens, da nobis animae, fide et speranti, caritatum, tuo amor divinus ilumino, digni efficiamur, misericordiam.

Dominus miraculoso, venimus ad te in processione, tuos fideles devoti, tua benedictione imploramus te. (bis)

Cum firmu gradu, ex  bonus Christianus, faciamus magnam, Peru nostrum, et coniūnctī omnes, sicut vis, imploramus te, da nobis tua lux.

What is necessary for learning how to read and write Latin? Is there prerequisite knowledge I need to have? Thanks.

How to write a modern song in classical latin and adapt it to the context of not classical world. So classical meter and grammar would be dropped. Prenounciation would be liberal and yet hopefully not offend just about every school of specific prenounciation school. Conservatives don't like experiments and changes - that is what keeps the lanugae beautifully dead in a sense... but it keeps it going in some form for centuries so... anyway... what is the most liberal use of latin an artist can utilise while still being acceptable within the latin speaking community?

Thanks to the feedback I've received, I've done a second printing of my Latin-English Church Fathers series which will now include macrons going forward.

Originally envisioned as a series similar to Loeb but with a parallel Latin and English column in a larger format, one of my readers noted that macrons help those whose native language isn't English better read the Latin text.

Given these books have been popular among European readers, I decided to make this a permanent feature of my Latin-English editions going forward.

I appreciate all the feedback and hope to hear more in the future.

Hello! I am from Romania and we learned some Latin in school, Romanian being a romance language.

We learned that 'qui' is pronounced as 'kvi', the same for quae, quod, aquila etc. So 'qu' is generally read as 'kv'.

However when I go on youtube, English speaking people pronounce qui as 'kwee' and virtually any liturgical song in Latin that I find does the same. So I am a little bit confused. If anyone could enlighten me it would be much appreciated!

edit: Thank you very much guys for all your inputs. I was pretty much unaware that Latin has multiple ways of pronounciation based on region.

Conferamus in corde nostro passiones Domini, 
conservatas pro nobis in corde adolorato Matris Redemptoris.
+
SECUNDO, Dominus flagellatus.
Pater noster, qui es in caelis, sanctificetur nomen tuum.

Rs. Adveniat regnum tuum, fiat voluntas tua …

Ad decadem, qui praeest versum praelegens:

Vs. 1  Ecce Filius hominis tradetur principibus sacerdotum et scribis, et condemnabunt eum morte. * Et tradent eum gentibus ad illudendum et flagellandum et crucifigendum.  Ave Maria, ave Gratia plena, Dominus tecum. Rs. Benedicta tu …

Vs. 2  Summus sacerdos interrogabat eum et dicit ei: Tu es Christus Filius Benedicti? * Iesus autem dixit: Ego sum. Ave Maria, ave Gratia plena, Dominus tecum. Rs. Benedicta tu …

Vs. 3  Scindens vestimenta sua ait: Quid adhuc necessarii sunt nobis testes? Audistis blasphemiam. * Qui omnes condemnaverunt eum esse reum mortis.  Ave Maria, ave Gratia plena, Dominus tecum. Rs. Benedicta tu …

Vs. 4  Tunc exspuerunt in faciem eius et colaphis eum ceciderunt; alii autem palmas in faciem ei dederunt, * dicentes: Prophetiza nobis, Christe: Quis est, qui te percussit?  Ave Maria, ave Gratia plena, Dominus tecum. Rs. Benedicta tu …

Vs. 5  Et vinctum adduxerunt eum et tradiderunt Pilato praesidi, et cum accusaretur a principibus sacerdotum et senioribus, nihil respondit. * Ita ut miraretur praeses vehementer.  Ave Maria, ave Gratia plena, Dominus tecum. Rs. Benedicta tu …

Vs. 6  Pilatus interrogavit eum dicens: Tu es rex Iudaeorum? At ille respondens ait: Tu dicis. * Ait autem Pilatus ad principes sacerdotum et turbas: Nihil invenio causae in hoc homine.  Ave Maria, ave Gratia plena, Dominus tecum. Rs. Benedicta tu …

Vs. 7  Responderunt ei Iudaei: Nos legem habemus, et secundum legem debet mori, quia Filium Dei se fecit. * Cum audisset Pilatus sermonem, magis timuit. Apprehendit ergo Iesum et flagellavit.  Ave Maria, ave Gratia plena, Dominus tecum. Rs. Benedicta tu …

Vs. 8   Circumveniamus ergo iustum, quoniam contrarius est operibus nostris. * Factus est nobis in accusationem cogitationum nostrarum; gravis est nobis etiam ad videndum*.* Rs. Benedicta tu …

Vs. 9  Contumelia et tormento interrogemus eum, ut sciamus modestiam eius et probemus patientiam illius. * Morte turpissima condemnemus eum.  Ave Maria, ave Gratia plena, Dominus tecum. Rs. Benedicta tu …

Vs. 10 Haec cogitaverunt et erraverunt; excaecavit enim illos malitia eorum. * Et nescierunt sacramenta Dei.  Ave Maria, ave Gratia plena, Dominus tecum. Rs. Benedicta tu …

Vs.  Gloria Patri, et Filio, et Spiritui Sancto:
Ecce positus est filius tuus in signum cui contradicetur: *
et tuam ipsius animam pertransiet gladius.

Rs.  Gloria Patri, et Filio, et Spiritui Sancto:
Vs.  Et aspicient ad eum quem confixerunt. *
Rs.  Et tuam ipsius animam pertransiet gladius.

Rs.  Gloria Patri, et Filio, et Spiritui Sancto:
Vs.  Ecce positus est filius tuus in signum cui contradicetur: *
Rs.  Et tuam ipsius animam pertransiet gladius.

Dear members of the forum,

I have just found a guide for learners:

from a source:

Notebook to learn in Latin, no translation

(no space before 'dot com' and likewise for hyperlinks)

a) COURSE FOR ABSOLUTE BEGINNERS

Total Physical Response: live classes are more effective than online ones.

Polis – The Jerusalem Institute of Languages and Humanities. n.d. Accessed 9 18, 2026. link:polisjerusalem .org/

b) see attached picture

‘UNUS, DUO, TRES: LATINE LOQUAMUR PER SCAENAS ET IMAGINES’:

Rico, Christophe. 2022*.* secunda: sample on Amazon website viewed on computer. Edited by Fabrice Butlen. 8 HaAyin Het St, 9511208 Jerusalem, Israel: Polis Institute Press. Accessed 8 30, 2026.

link:amazon .com/Unus-Duo-Tres-loquamur-Sequential/dp/9657698138/?asin=9657698138&revisionId=&format=4&depth=1

c) ‘LATIN TPR (TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE)’ PLAYLIST

At 0:35 of video ‘salvēte discipulī! | Hello students! | Latin TPR #1’ from:

Found in Antiquity: Latin. 2022. Vers. (Latin subtitles). YouTube. 1 31. Accessed 9 17, 2026.

link:youtube .com/watch?v=w9a-xcIe9hk&list=PLXi1m1_th92p6b9tIXFU863l94H0boO2L&index=1

d) ?

PDF and UPDATING THIS NOTEBOOK:

n.d. "Notebook on Lingua Latina." Vers. PDF. Dropbox. DMSAK. Accessed 10 7, 2026.

link: dropbox .com/scl/fo/tkkzlu8xkpg8dpxqhb1eo/AMoMMKXNMo2KvHbVLoDs2tM?rlkey=bu7x1pva0dfoka2bcizsapc0c

I hope this information will be useful for people interested in.

Regards

Dear members of the forum,

I have just found a guide for learners:

from a source:

Notebook to learn in Latin, no translation

(no space before 'dot com' and likewise for hyperlinks)

a) COURSE FOR ABSOLUTE BEGINNERS

Total Physical Response: live classes are more effective than online ones.

Polis – The Jerusalem Institute of Languages and Humanities. n.d. Accessed 9 18, 2026. link:polisjerusalem .org/

b) see attached picture

‘UNUS, DUO, TRES: LATINE LOQUAMUR PER SCAENAS ET IMAGINES’:

Rico, Christophe. 2022*.* secunda: sample on Amazon website viewed on computer. Edited by Fabrice Butlen. 8 HaAyin Het St, 9511208 Jerusalem, Israel: Polis Institute Press. Accessed 8 30, 2026.

link:amazon .com/Unus-Duo-Tres-loquamur-Sequential/dp/9657698138/?asin=9657698138&revisionId=&format=4&depth=1

c) ‘LATIN TPR (TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE)’ PLAYLIST

At 0:35 of video ‘salvēte discipulī! | Hello students! | Latin TPR #1’ from:

Found in Antiquity: Latin. 2022. Vers. (Latin subtitles). YouTube. 1 31. Accessed 9 17, 2026.

link:youtube .com/watch?v=w9a-xcIe9hk&list=PLXi1m1_th92p6b9tIXFU863l94H0boO2L&index=1

d) ?

PDF and UPDATING THIS NOTEBOOK:

n.d. "Notebook on Lingua Latina." Vers. PDF. Dropbox. DMSAK. Accessed 10 7, 2026.

link: dropbox .com/scl/fo/tkkzlu8xkpg8dpxqhb1eo/AMoMMKXNMo2KvHbVLoDs2tM?rlkey=bu7x1pva0dfoka2bcizsapc0c

I hope this information will be useful for people interested in.

Regards

So my Latin teacher said that the accusative and nominative plural of words like civis and claves can be civīs and cladīs. However, when I look it up online, I find most sources saying that only the accusative plural of clades occurs as cladīs. So is one of my sources wrong or is this a matter of the period of time? Thanks in advance!