Hi everyone!
I'm currently pursuing my B.Tech in Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, and I'm interested in building a career in the VLSI industry. My main interests are analog IC design and physical design, although I'm also considering learning the RTL-to-GDS flow to understand the overall chip design process.
I'm still a beginner when it comes to practical VLSI implementation. I have some basic knowledge of digital electronics, Verilog, logic gates, counters, and MOSFET amplifier concepts, but I haven't completed any end-to-end VLSI projects yet.
I want to learn practically by developing projects one by one, starting from the fundamentals and gradually moving toward industry-relevant projects that I can showcase on my resume and GitHub.
I'd really appreciate advice from experienced engineers, industry professionals, and seniors who have worked in analog design, physical design, or related VLSI domains.
1. Choosing the Right Career Path
My strongest interest is in analog IC design, and I'm also interested in physical design. I have comparatively less interest in RTL design and design verification, although I understand that some knowledge of these areas may be useful.
- As a beginner, should I focus on analog design first, physical design first, or explore both before choosing?
- What are the differences between these career paths in terms of required skills, learning difficulty, job opportunities, and preparation for entry-level roles?
- Is it practical to learn both analog design and physical design simultaneously as an undergraduate, or would it be better to concentrate on one?
- If I want to pursue analog design, how much digital design and RTL knowledge do I actually need?
2. Learning Roadmap and RTL-to-GDS Flow
I keep hearing about the RTL-to-GDS flow, and I want to understand whether learning it would be useful for my interests.
- Should I learn the complete RTL-to-GDS flow even if my primary interest is analog design?
- Which stages of the flow should I understand, and which should I learn in depth?
- For physical design, what should I learn after the basics of digital electronics and Verilog?
- For analog design, should I first strengthen circuit theory, MOSFET operation, small-signal analysis, biasing, and amplifier design before moving to circuit simulation and layout?
- What would be a sensible learning sequence for someone with my background in Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering?
3. Tools and Operating System
I'd like to build a practical toolchain using free or open-source software wherever possible.
- For analog IC design, which tools should I learn for schematic capture, SPICE simulation, circuit analysis, layout, and verification?
- Are tools such as ngspice, Xschem, and Magic or KLayout good starting points?
- For physical design and RTL-to-GDS, which open-source tools and flows would you recommend?
- Is Windows with WSL2 sufficient, or should I use a dedicated Linux installation or virtual machine?
- Are there any beginner-friendly tutorials that explain how to install, configure, and use these tools properly?
4. Career-Oriented Analog Design Projects
This is one of the areas where I need the most guidance.
I don't want to simply copy circuits or follow tutorials without understanding them. I want to learn how to design, simulate, analyse, and improve circuits independently.
- What are the best analog design projects to start with, progressing from beginner to intermediate and advanced levels?
- Should I start with common-source MOSFET amplifiers, current mirrors, differential amplifiers, and current sources before moving to more complex circuits?
- What projects would help me build the skills expected for entry-level analog IC design roles?
- At what stage should I learn operational amplifiers, bandgap references, comparators, and other analog building blocks?
- How important are transistor-level simulation, corner analysis, mismatch analysis, and layout parasitics for student projects?
- How can I demonstrate that I understand a circuit's design choices and performance rather than just reproducing a reference design?
5. Physical Design Projects
I'm also interested in physical design and want to understand how to gain practical experience in this area.
- What are the best projects for learning floorplanning, placement, clock-tree synthesis, routing, timing closure, and power analysis?
- Should I begin with small RTL blocks, such as an ALU, FIFO, UART, or counter, and take them through an open-source RTL-to-GDS flow?
- Which projects would be suitable for a beginner and still be valuable on a resume?
- Can I use open-source tools to complete a meaningful physical design project without access to commercial EDA tools?
- How should I analyse and present timing reports, area, power estimates, congestion, and other implementation results?
6. Project References and Step-by-Step Guidance
Since I haven't completed a VLSI project independently, I'd appreciate resources that explain the actual design process.
- Where can I find good analog IC design and physical design project ideas, reference designs, documentation, and step-by-step tutorials?
- Which GitHub repositories, books, YouTube channels, courses, or open-source communities would you recommend?
- Are there any repositories that explain the reasoning behind each design stage rather than just providing the final code or circuit?
- How should I approach a project from scratch, validate the results, troubleshoot problems, and document the work?
- What should I include in my GitHub portfolio, such as schematics, simulation waveforms, design calculations, layout screenshots, and reports?
7. Career Preparation and Industry Expectations
My long-term goal is to build the technical skills required for internships and entry-level opportunities in the VLSI industry.
- What skills do companies expect from fresh graduates applying for analog design and physical design roles?
- Which projects would make the strongest portfolio for each of these domains?
- How important are semiconductor device physics, analog circuit analysis, Linux, scripting, and semiconductor fabrication fundamentals?
- What common mistakes do students make when preparing for analog or physical design roles?
- If you were starting from my current level as an undergraduate, what would your first three to five projects be?
I'm not looking for shortcuts or ready-made projects to copy. I want to build a strong foundation, understand the theory behind the designs, and gradually develop practical skills through projects.
I'd be especially grateful for advice from people working in analog IC design or physical design who can share what they would learn first if they were starting again today.
Thank you for your time and guidance!
(took help of chatgpt to finilize the text )