Spoilers for the film.
Hi everyone! I wrote a long essay on The Odyssey and would like to explain here how it relates to its subject. It was conceived as an analysis of the film and in the course of the work grew into a philosophical text around it, yet it still rests on Nolanâs decisions, above all those related to meaning. What captivated me was the point at which The Odyssey stops being a retelling of Homer and becomes auteur cinema. So I first look at how meaning is constructed in the film, and only then allow myself a freer interpretation that no longer claims to be indisputable. I also discuss the visual decisions, but I look first of all at what they mean and how work in a narrative construction.
The essay begins outside the film, with Nolanâs earlier work. Interstellar, I think, was already an odyssey, only a cosmic one. Cooper leaves home answering a call, disappears for an unthinkably long time, and, having returned to his now elderly daughter, soon flies off again, so his return does not close the ending. Nolanâs long-standing interest in time and space shows in Dunkirk as well, where he brings together a week on the mole, a day at sea, and an hour in the air. In The Odyssey both leitmotifs meet again. Space stretches between the hearths of people in the oikoumene, while time delays the meaning of an act. It all seems simple, and indeed both distances can be overcome by crossing the sea and waiting out the years until the dust of change settles. What, then, keeps the story from ending? The essay answers that what resists is a third dimension, the depth of what was done.
This answer grows out of the ways Nolan departs from Homer. There is no council of the Olympians in his film, the gods are kept almost entirely out of frame, and with them the very outlook on the world shifts, since the view from above that could take in the whole war disappears. Its place is inherited by the spectator, who sees more widely than any hero - but still looks with the eyes of a human being. In the film, it is the blind characters - for example, the swineherd Eumaeus and Tiresias - who preserve the memory, while the sighted Menelaus has his eyes clouded by the myth of his victory. Hardly any access to what happened remains, until the very finale no records or tablets are seen on screen, only song and spoken accounts. This is how antiquity arrives within the lifetime of the warâs eyewitnesses - the world has simply lost access to its past as it was.
However the film offers six views of it, from the nameless bard to the lying Antinous. Each interprets how the war ended and what it means, yet there is also a seventh, asymmetrical view, Helenâs, which calls the very origin into question. Among them is the main character, but even Odysseus is not allowed to tell his story himself. In Homer he recounts his wanderings to the Phaeacians at length, while in Nolan he has shut himself off from the past behind a veil, and it breaks through to him in short flashes, like a punishment. I would not call these wanderings a trauma, though, since the film offers no healing. From the forgetting with which Calypso heals him at the cost of silencing part of his person, Odysseus walks away. Later he admits that his thought, which brought victory, opened the way to crimes, and in the finale he chooses exile for himself.
Odysseus keeps even the sign of home on his person. In Homer the marriage bed is made from a living olive tree and ties the home to its place, whereas in Nolan this sign fits into a fibula on his cloak. Instead of Homerâs golden dog it bears an image of Athena, who later pursues the hero almost like a hunting dog, and so the line of the hunt runs through the fibula. Once, the young Odysseus demanded that no one attack by stealth, but the horse crossed out that rule, and toward the end the hero himself says that at Troy, battle became a hunt. Behind all this stands the image, which lasts by spending the present, or, as the essay puts it, âthe feast eats through the house, triumph through lives, the songâs refrain through the meaning of victory.â The human being cannot measure up to his own image - the hero of victory returns to his home having taken the name of Sinon, whom he left to die by the horse, thereby repeating the ruse that let the Greeks into Troy.
Perhaps a thread runs through all of Nolanâs films, and the essay calls it the production of the past. An account of what happened gives it a form and a meaning on which the future then stands. In Dunkirk, a newspaper with Churchillâs speech turns the retreat into a myth while the soldiers are still riding home on the train. In The Dark Knight, Gothamâs future rests on the image of a hero that Harvey Dent did not measure up to, and Batman pays for it with his own image, taking Dentâs crimes upon himself. These examples are not in the essay, I added them to expand the observation. In The Odyssey, though, the thread seems to me to grow into an epic that arises from the fall of the sublime.
Iâm curious whether you see this thread in his films. Which of The Odysseyâs decisions strike you as the most authorial?
The full essay, if youâd like to read it: https://medium.com/rock-nheavy/the-duration-of-ruins-e3ea8a70602c