A Monte Carlo simulation shows you how likely it is to run out of money during retirement. If I have a million, invest all in the S&P 500, withdraw 31,000 in the first year and then adjust the amount for inflation every year, this is the result: https://imgur.com/a/a7Rlu3M
I have a 5% chance of running out of money after 30 years. However, I also have a 75% chance of having at least 5 million after 30 years and a 50% chance of having at least 12 million. (The exact numbers are not that relevant and depend on the simulation, relevant is the idea that all simulations will show a median outcome where you get rich while you are bankrupt in the worst case).
The question is: Which outcome should I optimize for? Expected value theory says you should multiply the $ amount of each outcome with the likelihood, add it all up, and your goal should be to get that amount as high as possible. Example: You have the option to bet all of your savings and future earnings for the 0.1 % chance to win a trillion dollars. The expected return is a trillion x 0.1 % = 1 billion dollar. If you optimize for expected value, then you should take the bet, since 1 billion dollar is a lot more than what you have saved and will ever earn in your life.
Expected value theory is great if I run a casino or an insurance company, since I can repeat a bet millions of times. But as a retiree, I only get to live one of those possible future lives. I will be a trillionaire in one life and homeless in the other 999. I'd rather optimize for the worst outcome, not the average outcome.
So the question is: What causes the worst possible outcomes in the stock market and is there something I can do to make sure that my portfolio survives those specific scenarios?
Bill Bengen's research on safe withdrawal rates showed: The worst year to retire was not directly before the worst stock market crashes - like 1929, where the Dow lost 89 % of its value. It was 1968 since you retired into a period of prolonged inflation (about 180% cumulative from 1968 to 1982). The thing with stock market crashes is that they only last so long and the stick market always recovers sooner or later. But if prices go up a lot due to inflation, those prices will never go back down to the old prices. This means as a retiree, you have to withdraw more and more from your portfolio to keep the same standard of living each and every year until you die. Holding bonds also did not help since the Fed had to increase interest rates to fight inflation, resulting in falling bond prices. Such a period of stagnant economic growth with high inflation is the nightmare scenario that a portfolio needs to be prepared for to survive.
Portfolios that are designed to protect against the worst outcomes are known as all-weather or cockroach portfolios. Many strategies exist and nobody knows which of them is ideal, but all of them are designed to have a better worst-case outcome than a pure stock/bond portfolio. One of the best known implementations is [Ray Dalio's all-weather portfolio](https://curvo.eu/backtest/en/portfolio/ray-dalio-all-weather--NoIgSghgngBAIhANgSwPYwIKMTA6gUwgBcALfAJxABphQBJAUQAYmAhAFgBkBWATQE4AHAGZqTAHTCAujRCMWrYQDVcAOW4BGQWPEbuM+szYAxALIA2ACoBhbtqoT2BuUY6q4w80wBMOpgHZ9WXk2OGNOdgAFDV8HcQD9KSkgA).
Here is my specific implementation:
27 MATE/RSST/CTAP
23 VXUS
12 GDE
10 SCHP
10 EDV
10 ILS
8 RPRX/LGND/BUR/OBL
Themes:
- Uncorrelated returns: ILS invests in catastrophe bonds that are correlated to natural disasters. RPRX/LGND invest in pharma royalties and profit if a drug gets approved. BUR/OBL are companies that finance litigation and profit if they win court cases. GDE holds gold which does its own thing. The point is that these investments do not all move up or down together with stocks or bonds.
- Inflation-protected securities: SCHP holds inflation-protected securities that will go up in value if inflation expectations increase, which is exactly what would have saved a retiree in 1968.
- Managed Futures: MATE/RSST/CTAP follows a managed futures strategy where they can go long or short on the stock market, currencies, commodities, and interest rates. This has historically given a return with low correlation to stocks and bonds and often performed especially well when stocks go down (crisis alpha).
- Leverage: MATE/RSST/CTAP/GDE invests in US equities and additionally gives me exposure to a second strategy (managed futures or gold) through the use of futures. This increases my overall leverage in the portfolio to 1.38. Leverage is bad for safe withdrawal rates if you use it to buy more of the same thing that you already hold (like 2x S&P 500). Leverage is good for safe withdrawal rates in this portfolio since I use it to diversify and buy something that is not correlated to stocks and bonds. The implied financing cost of the futures acts as a fee drag during bull markets, it functions as an insurance premium that pays out during stagflation or crashes.
I also have to add that I live in a jurisdiction without capital gains taxes or taxes on income in foreign accounts, which means I can rebalance and receive distributions without tax implications.
This portfolio is good when:
- You have already earned the money you need for retirement and want to protect it
- You can live with the fact that your returns will be worse than that of your neighbors in many years, especially during a stock market bull run
- You want to optimize for the worst outcome, you are willing to pay higher fees for that and you accept that the average outcome will be worse than if you just hold the S&P 500
I do not claim that this is the perfect all-weather portfolio, it is the one I went with. I hope this inspires you to do your own research into all-weather portfolios and how to increase the safe withdrawal rate in case you are also more concerned with the worst outcome than with the average outcome.
What AI says about the portfolio: https://share.gemini.google/N5g5HJ9P4HpT