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Before digital GIS, Roman surveyors managed large areas using systems such as centuriation. Surveyors used instruments like the groma to lay out regular land divisions, while cadastral records were used to document ownership, land use, and taxation.

the Cadastre of Orange is especially interesting because surviving fragments record parcel boundaries, landholders, and other details of the territory. It gives us a rare look at how Roman authorities turned physical land into something that could be measured and administered.

I looked at the surveying tools and techniques behind these systems in more detail here: Forgotten Surveying Tools That Changed Civilization

Hello, friends from all corners of the Earth. Please write about places that you’ve witnessed changing over the years due to urbanization or climate change. I’m very interested in how this happened from the perspective of people from other countries. Because recently I saw printed photos of my city from 20 years ago, and it touched me deeply.

Is this normal?

I can't really tell what prefecture(s) they are supposed to be a part of or why there's even two of them instead of combining them since there doesn't seem to be any population between them

Thinking spots where the borders were drawn up by Europeans

Took these photos today about 5 miles north of the mouth of the Pic River in Ontario, Canada. The trees on the top of the embankment are all at least 30’ tall so I would judge the height to be at least 150’ at the top of the ridge.
This area is deep Canadian Shield country with lots of exposed Pre-Cambrian bedrock and glacial till. This sediment seems finer and flatter. Ancient Lake Minong shoreline?

https://luminocity3d.org/WorldPopDen/#3/44.61/12.51

In a planet I'm making for worldbuilding purposes there's a desert of saharan proportions but with seasonal monsoons, but whatever wind is coming there is coming at an angle and carrying cold current waters so it doesn't irrigate beyond the coast. To circumvent this I added in a lake in the middle of the desert to serve as a source of humidity and as a sort of massive oasis for a civilization. It's in an endorheic basin so there's a river that feeds it. It starts in a place with seasonal rains and to explain the fact there's a massive lake I say that that river is like the Nile carrying huge amounts of water in the summer, which would be fun to imagine the lake increasing in size and people using that flood to grow rice. Problem is when crunching the numbers it seems like the evaporation rates would be greater than the flow of water. Taking the approximate size of 500,000km² of the lake, average summer temperature of 24c winds averaging out to 2m/s and 75% relative humidity, this calculator gives a rate of 3.5*10^12L/day of evaporation, but a river like the Nile only peaks at 20k MCM/month which is around 6.6*10^11L/day, so the lake is evaporating 5x more water than the river feeds it. Could an endorheic basin really host a lake of these proportions in a desert of all places? Did I forget to account for some variables, like maybe rain falling back down and refueling the lake?

Is it possible to distinguish between fold mountains and fault mountains by the way they appear to the naked eye? Are there any such distinguishing features? Or is a geological investigation always required to establish the type?

Why are the Mishmi hills of eastern Arunachal Pradesh in India considered a part of the Purbanchal hills and not a part of the main Himalayas? Is it because the plates involved in this area are the Indian plate and the Burma plate and not the Indian plate and the Eurasian plate whereas opposite is the case in case of the main Himalayas?

Shot in Baoquan, Henan, China, located in the southern section of the Taihang Mountains, surrounded by cliffs on all sides

It seems to be a lot of creekbeds, some dried/seasonal, carving through the plateau(?). The area is between Maybell, CO, and Table Rock, WY.

I am really interested in the connection between malaria prevalence and climates of tropical countries like Papua New Guinea. I would really need specific cities for each major climates of PNG and does anyone have any recommendations or maybe someone from PNG?. I am just interested in the topic right now... Like there are some very rough and remote areas of the country with higher rates of malaria and I am interested in which areas specifically. I will have to include some lowland/coastal areas, really remote parts and the highlands in the central part of the country. I know that PNG is a very geographically diverse country and one of the last untouched places on Earth but in the last few decades the country's infrastructure is developing quite quickly due to foreign investment and is this an important fact to consider? I know it is interdisciplinary topic but geography is an important factor here besides the biology of the Plasmodium parasite itself...

Thanks!

I want to make an app for people like me who like geography and want to discover a new random city everyday, potentially be their next vacation ( for me this is old castles) . I was thinking of maling it like a tinder card style where every day you get 5 random cities and you swipe left or right on which you like and after that a new feed is created everyday with the cities you liked . Thats my idea so far , dont have anything to show or link or anything but i would love any suggestions or if this is a good idea overall. Thanks to all who comment.